Ethics GS IV PYQs | Mitra's IAS

Ethics PYQ 2022
Ethics PYQ 2021

1. Apart From Intellectual Competency And Moral Qualities, Empathy And Compassion Are Some Of The Other Vital Attributes That Facilitate The Civil Servants To Be More Competent In Tackling The Crucial Issues Or Taking Critical Decisions. Explain With Suitable Illustrations.

Empathy and compassion are important attributes for civil servants because they allow them to understand and relate to the needs and perspectives of the people they serve. For example, a civil servant who is empathetic and compassionate is better able to identify and address the needs of disadvantaged communities or individuals who are facing difficult situations.

1. Empathy and compassion help civil servants to make decisions that are fair and just, rather than being solely focused on bureaucratic rules and This allows them to approach problems with a more holistic and human-centered perspective.
2. In India, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many civil servants went beyond their official duties to provide food, medical supplies, and other assistance to those in need. These acts of compassion helped to alleviate the suffering of many who were affected by the pandemic.
3. When Yaksha asked Yudhistira what the highest form of Dharma was, Yudhistira replied that compassion was the foundation of Dharma, and its He explained that while the rules and norms of Dharma may change over time, the root of compassion remains constant. This can be exemplified in Yudhistira's refusal to abandon even a dog in exchange for heaven, demonstrating his unwavering compassion.
4. Viashanav Jan to Tene Kahiye Je, Peer Parai Jane Re - Gandhi Ji famously stated that one who has the ability to understand the suffering of others is the In these words, Gandhi emphasized the importance of empathy in determining a truly virtuous person. When he arrived in India in 1916, he embarked on a tour to personally experience the hardship and pain of the people.
5. Bharat Vatwani, Indian psychiatrist awarded Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2018 for leading the rescue of thousands of mentally ill street peoples to treat and reunite them with their families in He understood and connected with struggles of a homeless family, and is able to provide them with the appropriate resources and support to get back on their feet.
6. In her book "Dare to Lead," researcher Brené Brown emphasizes the importance of empathy in leadership, stating that "empathy is not feeling for people; it's feeling with It's a vulnerable choice because in order to connect with you, I have to connect with something in myself that knows that feeling." This shows how empathy can help leaders to better understand the needs and perspectives of those they lead.

C.P. Bhambri, dean of School of Social Sciences in JNU criticised Indian bureaucratic system as 'New Brahmanical system'. He attributed it for following factors:

1. Systemic factors: India's bureaucratic system can be bureaucratic and bureaucratic processes are often seen as impersonal and lacking in human touch.

a. In the book "India Unbound", author Gurcharan Das highlights how India's bureaucracy is deeply entrenched in a culture of corruption, inefficiency, and lack of

b. The Weberian bureaucracy model, developed by Max Weber, suggests that bureaucratic systems are characterized by a hierarchical structure, division of labor, and strict rules and regulations, which can lead to inefficiency and lack of responsiveness.

2. Cultural factors: Indian culture values hierarchy and obedience, which can lead to a lack of empathy and compassion towards those in lower positions.
1. a. The book "India After Gandhi" by Ramachandra Guha highlights how the legacy of colonialism and the British Raj has influenced Indian culture and governance, including a focus on hierarchy and

b. The "Report on State of Education in Rural Ind" by NSSO highlights how cultural factors such as gender biases and lack of access to resources can impact the education and opportunities available to those in rural areas.

3. Individual factors: Some civil servants may have a personal lack of empathy and compassion, which can stem from their own experiences, upbringing, or personality.
a. The Stanford marshmallow experiment, demonstrated how individual differences in self-control and delayed gratification can have significant impacts on life

b. The research on the "dark triad" of personality traits (narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) highlights how individual factors can contribute to a lack of empathy and compassion in certain individuals.

4. Lack of training: Empathy and compassion are not typically part of the training provided to civil servants, so they may not have the skills or understanding to effectively serve their communities with
1. a. A study conducted by London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) found that public officials who receive training in empathy and compassion are better able to build trust and credibility with citizens, leading to more effective governance.
2. b. In his book "A Higher Loyalty", former FBI Director James Comey argues that empathy is a crucial trait for effective leadership, and that it is necessary for leaders to put themselves in the shoes of those they serve.

5. High workloads and stress: Civil servants are often overworked and underpaid, which can lead to stress and This, in turn, can make it difficult for them to feel empathetic and compassionate towards those they serve.
1. a. In the book "Bureaucracy and Democracy: Accountability and Performance", authors William T. Gormley and Steven Balla argue that high workloads and stress can lead to a "culture of blame" in which civil servants are more concerned with avoiding mistakes than with serving the public interest.

b. "When people are overworked and stressed, they tend to focus on their own needs rather than the needs of others." - from "The Art of Empathy: A Complete Guide to Life's Most Essential Skill" by Karla McLaren

6. Corruption: Corruption can also play a role in the lack of empathy and compassion among civil servants, as those who engage in corrupt activities are more likely to prioritise their own interests over the well-being of
1. a. The Panama Papers - a 2016 leak of docs revealed how politicians, celebrities, and business people around the world had used offshore accounts to evade taxes and launder

b. Mahatma Gandhi - "The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to solve most of the world's problems." — It highlights the idea that corruption and unethical behavior stem from lack of personal integrity and a failure to live up to one's own potential.

C.P. Bhambri called for inculcating the values of compassion and empathy as a pill against elitism. Also, government officials like IPS Mahesh Muralidhar Bhagwat act as an inspiration who was moved by the suffering of trafficked person and devoted his life to fight against human trafficking.

In short, empathy and compassion are crucial for civil servants as it allows them to understand the needs and perspectives of the people they serve. This can lead to better decision making, policies, and support for the communities they serve.

Rudyard Kipling, in this regard said, ‘Walking among the kings and yet not loose the common touch’.

The crux of compassion can be summed up from wonderful verse by Khalil Gibran in his poem 'On Giving' — “There are those who give little of the mUCh whiCh they have—and they give it for reCognition and their hidden desire makes their gifts

Unwholesome... And there are those who have little and give it all. There are those who give with joy, and that joy is their reward...And there are those who give and know not pain in giving, nor do they seek joy, nor give with mindfUlness of virtUe; YoU often say, "I woUld give, bUt only to the deserving." The trees in yoUr orChard say not so, nor the floCks in yoUr pastUre. They give that they may live, for to withhold is to perish".

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2. It Is Believed That Adherence To Ethics In Human Actions Would Ensure In Smooth Functioning Of An Organisation/ System. If So, What Does Ethics Seek To Promote In Human Life? How Do Ethical Values Assist In The Resolution Of Conflicts Faced By Him In His Day-to- Day Functioning?

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that seeks to understand and promote moral principles and values in human life. It helps individuals to determine what is right and wrong, good and bad, and to act in a way that is consistent with these values.

Ethics in Organisation

In the context of an organisation or system, adherence to ethics can help to ensure that all members of the organisation or system are acting in a way that is consistent with these values. This can promote trust, cooperation, and mutual respect among members, and can help to prevent conflicts and abuses of power.

1. Warby Parker, an eyewear company donates a pair of glasses to someone in need for every pair purchased, and supports vision care initiatives in developing
2. A popular cosmetic company, Body Shop is committed to using natural and ethical ingredients, supporting community trade initiatives, and campaigning for human and animal
3. Tata Group is well-known globally for its commitment to CSR and philanthropy.

Ethics in Human Life

Ethics seeks to promote virtues such as honesty, integrity, fairness, and compassion in human life.

1. It fulfil two objectives viz. What is good life’ - Purushartha, Nirvana and How we ought to live - Nishkama Karma, Ashtang Marg, Kant categorical imperative.
2. Examined Life: Socrates said Unexamined life isn’t worth living. It emphasise that life lived based on reason & critical analysis will evolve human capacity & It calls for best usage of human’s freedom of will.
3. It is basis to apply ‘freedom of will’ as ethics provide us with choices to take right course of action & hence build character. The Milgram Experiment - This research study demonstrated the power of authority figures to influence ethical decision-making, even in people who believed they had strong moral principles. The study showed that people are often willing to harm others when instructed to do so by someone in
4. It help resolve the question of human morality — Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics: He focuses on the idea of eudaimonia, or human flourishing, and emphasizes importance of cultivating virtuous habits and living a life of excellence. His concept of ‘fulfilled life’ involves convergence of life of pleasure and moral & virtuous life.
5. In absence of ethics there will be total chaos at social, pol & intl level (reverse evolution). Camus held that a man w/o ethiCs is a wild beast loosed Upon world.

Ethics and Conflict Resolution

When conflicts arise, ethical values assist in their resolution by providing a framework for assessing the moral implications of different courses of action and for determining which course of action is most consistent with these values. For example, if an ethical value such as fairness is prioritised, it can help to ensure that all parties involved in a conflict are treated justly and that the outcome of the conflict is equitable.

1. Oslo Accords: This peace agreement, signed in 1993, was based on ethical principles of mutual recognition, respect, and a commitment to non-violence. It helped to resolve the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians and laid the foundation for further peace negotiations.

2. Similarly, GoI signed a Naga Accord, a peace agreement in 2015 with the National Socialist Council of Nagaland, ending decades of conflict in the state of The accord was based on ethical principles of respect for the rights and dignity of all parties and a commitment to peaceful coexistence.
3. Bhagavad Gita: Krishna helped Arjuna resolve his conflict by advising him on the nature of dharma (duty). He advised Arjuna to fulfil his duty as a warrior and to fight in battle, without attachment to the outcome. He taught Arjuna about the nature of the self, the cycle of birth and death, and the ultimate goal of liberation. He explained that it was not the physical body that kills or is killed, but rather the eternal soul that merely changes forms. Krishna's teachings in the Bhagavad Gita continue to be studied and followed as a way to resolve inner conflict and find purpose in life.

In above instances, ethical values such as integrity, honesty, and transparency play a key role in resolving conflicts by promoting trust and mutual understanding among parties. These values can also help to prevent conflicts from arising in the first place by promoting open and honest communication, and by encouraging individuals and organizations to be accountable for their actions.

Ethics, thus seeks to promote virtues such as honesty, integrity and compassion in human life. Adherence to ethics in an organization or system helps ensure smooth functioning by promoting trust, cooperation, and mutual respect among members and can assist in the resolution of conflicts by providing a framework for assessing the moral implications of different courses of action and determining which course of action is most consistent with these values.

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3. “Ethics Is Knowing The Difference Between What You Have The Right To Do And What Is Right To Do.”

This statement highlights the importance of distinguishing between legal rights and moral obligations in ethical decision making. It suggests that just because one has the legal right to do something, it does not necessarily mean that it is the morally right thing to do.

1. This statement also highlights the idea that ethical decision-making requires a level of personal responsibility and It suggests that individuals and organizations must consider the moral implications of their actions and make choices that align with their values and obligations to others. Ex - The Nestle baby formula controversy, where the company was accused of aggressively promoting baby formula in developing countries, leading to a decline in breastfeeding rates and health problems for infants.
2. It emphasizes that ethics is not a fixed set of rules, but rather a process of evaluating the moral implications of different courses of action and choosing the one that is most consistent with one's values and This process requires a level of critical thinking, self-reflection and an understanding of the context in which the decision is being made. In this regard, one can refer to the Golden Rule, a moral principle found in many religious texts, which encourages individuals to treat others as they would like to be treated.
3. In the book "Weapons of Math Destruction", Cathy O'Neil raises concerns about the use of big data and algorithms in decision-making She argues that these tools can perpetuate and even exacerbate existing biases and inequalities, as they may reflect the biases of those who design them or the data sets used to train them. Additionally, algorithms may lack transparency, making it difficult for individuals to understand how decisions are being made about them. O'Neil calls for greater accountability and ethical considerations in the use of these technologies.

For example, an individual may have the legal right to free speech as provided in the Article 19 of the Indian constitution, but it may not be morally right to use that freedom to spread hate speech or misinformation, hence comes under reasonable restriction of Article 19. Ex SC in Stanislaus case of 1977 held that right to propagate doesn't involve post-conversion or

conversion by any means cos each men has same Freedom of conscience guaranteed by Article 25.

Similarly, a company may have the legal right to maximise profits, but it may not be morally right to do so at the expense of the well-being of employees or the environment. For instance, Vedanta was accused of violating environmental regulations and causing widespread pollution in the state of Odisha. It also been accused of human rights violations, including forced evictions and violence against local indigenous communities failing to respect their way of life.

Under the PM Arogya Yojana, the GoI provides a coverage of ₹5 lakh per family for secondary and tertiary healthcare. However, there have been reports of around 23,000 fraudulent transactions in hospitals. The case explains that though beneficiaries have the right to access the services, but its abuse by them undermines program's purpose.

Individuals and organizations must remember that just because something is legal, it does not necessarily make it morally right, and thus one must take personal responsibility and make ethical choices that align with their values and obligations to others.

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4. Russia And Ukraine War Has Been Going On For The Last Seven Months. Different Countries Have Taken Independent Stands And Actions Keeping In View Their Own National Interests. We Are All Aware That War Has Its Own Impact On The Different Aspects Of Society, Including Human Tragedy. What Are Those Ethical Issues That Are Crucial To Be Considered While Launching The War And Its Continuation So Far? Illustrate With Justification The Ethical Issues Involved In The Given State Of Affair.

War Ethics is the study of the extent & scope of morality of going to war & maintaining a moral conduct during the war. It includes physical, cold or cyber war. Its goal is to determine what is right or wrong for individuals and countries, to spark public discourse and policy discussions related to war, and to guide the actions of governments and individuals during conflict. This has led to the development of a formal code of war conduct, including rules of engagement, protection of civilian rights, and punishment for war crimes committed by soldiers and governments.

The ongoing Russian-Ukraine war that began in 2014 has again highlighted the debate over war ethics. It has raised several ethical issues and concerns, including:

1. Just cause: One of the key ethical issues involved in the decision to launch the war is the issue of just If the war launched for a just and morally defensible reason, such as self-defense or the defense of another country, then it is just. Ex India's liberation of Bangladesh was ethical as it aims to liberate Bangladesh from the oppression of West Pakistan. However, Bonaparte foreign policy and continental system of economic blockage led to the fall of Napoleon itself cos of his disregard to the sovereignty of other nations.
2. Issue of proportionality: Is the level of violence and destruction caused by the war proportional to the goals it is trying to achieve? This issue is important because it determines whether the war is morally acceptable or For ex If Ind declare war at Bhutan it isn’t just but annexation. In the Vietnam War, extensive bombing campaigns and use of Agent Orange caused immense destruction and suffering, leading many to question whether the war's goals were proportional to the harm caused.
3. Non-combatant immunity: It evaluates non-combatants, such as civilians, being protected from the effects of the war. If one declare the war without any chance of wining then it is unethical cos it means open slaughter not only of one’s army as but also its civilians. In Bhagavad Gita, Krishna preaches a confused Arjuna that it is ‘Dharma’ to fight an imposed When fighting an imposed war, resorting to violence for self-defence is a duty, refusal to fight is cowardice. Even the pacifist like Gandhi said when there is choice only b/w cowardice & violence, I would advice violence.
4. Use of weapons: It takes into consideration whether weapons used in the war is causing unnecessary suffering or For instance, selective pacifism says that war is immoral if there is a use of biological & chemical weapon but support the use of conventional weapons.
5. Protection of human rights: The war result in widespread human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, abductions, and It consider rights of the people affected by the war being respected, such as the right to life and the right to protection from forced displacement.
6. National Interest [NI]: National Interest is country's goals & ambitions, whether economic, military, cultural or otherwise which begins from survival of the Realism, school of thought in International relations supports war to protect national interest. However, realism has to be tempered with ethics for a sustainable foreign policy. A nation which banks totally on realism & hard power today, faces chances of isolation more than ever Wars undertaken to export democracy to nations in West Asia such as Afghanistan, Iraq have failed miserably & also undermined both the economic might & moral power of the west. Again, use of cross-border terrorism and promoting radicalism as a tool of foreign policy has led to increase of radicalisation in Pakistan itself.

Resolving or ending the conflict

To resolve these ethical issues, following steps can be considered:

1. Diplomatic Negotiations: To resolve the issue peacefully and reach a mutually acceptable agreement, requires both sides to engage in open and transparent communication, listen to each other's concerns, and make compromises where In the book, "The Art of Negotiation" by Michael Wheeler emphasise on the importance on of understanding the other party's perspective and interests, the need for creative problem-solving, and the value of building trust and rapport with the other party.
2. Mediation: It can help to facilitate negotiations between the conflicting parties and reduce tensions. Mediators can provide impartial and neutral guidance and support in the negotiations process. The Conflict Resolution Theory talks about role of mediators in negotiating peace agreements and reducing tensions between the two sides.
3. Disarmament and Demobilisation: It will reduce tensions & create a safer environment for negotiations to take This process can help build trust b/w conflicting parties and reduce the likelihood of future violence. Ex - The disarmament and demobilisation of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Northern Ireland helped to create a safer environment for peace negotiations to take place, leading to the Good Friday Agreement in 1998.
4. Reconciliation: It aim to address the root causes of conflict and involve a range of activities, including community dialogues, support for victims, and programs to address economic and political grievances. The book "The Anatomy of Reconciliation: Moving Beyond Divide Between Judaism and Christianity" by James L. Heft, explores the role of reconciliation in promoting interfaith understanding and cooperation.
5. Implementation of Agreements: This process requires monitoring and accountability mechanisms to ensure that all parties comply with the In case of Russian-Ukraine war, Minsk agreement of 2015 can be evoked that call for a ceasefire, the withdrawal of heavy weapons, constitutional reform in Ukraine, and local elections in the Donbass region.

Gandhi’s words ‘An eye for an eye tUrns the whole world blind’ is still relevant.

Article 2 of UN Charter requires all members of the UN to settle their international disputes by peaceful means, and to refrain from the threat or use of force against other nations

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5. The Rules And Regulations Provided To All The Civil Servants Are Same, Yet There Is Difference In The Performance. Positive Minded Officers Are Able To Interpret The Rules And Regulations In Favour Of The Case And Achieve Success, Whereas Negative Minded Officers Are Unable To Achieve Goals By Interpreting The Same Rules And Regulations Against The Case. Discuss With Illustrations.

The rules and regulations provided to civil servants are intended to guide their actions and decision making, but how they interpret and apply these rules can vary greatly depending on their mindset and perspective.

A positive-minded officer may interpret a rule allowing for some flexibility in decision making, and use that flexibility to find a solution that is beneficial for both the individual and the organization. On the other hand, a negative-minded officer may interpret the same rule as strictly limiting their options and preventing them from finding a solution that is beneficial for all parties.

1. An officer dealing with a citizen's complaint, a positive-minded officer would interpret the rules and regulations in a way that would allow them to find a solution that is both fair and beneficial for the complainant, whereas a negative- minded officer would interpret the rules and regulations in a way that would prevent them from finding a solution that would be fair and beneficial for the
2. In India, during the COVID-19 pandemic, some positive-minded officers interpreted the guidelines for government relief funds flexibly and allowed small businesses and individuals to receive financial assistance even if they did not meet all of the criteria.
3. In the Cambridge Analytica scandal, Facebook employees interpreted privacy laws too narrowly and allowed the misuse of user data.
4. The concept of ethical fading, published in Harvard Business Review, talks about the process by which ethical considerations are diminished, leading to negative-minded interpretations of rules and Such factors are personal gain, social pressure, or procedural justifications etc.
5. Bhagat Singh depicts the height of positive-mindedness who continued to persuade people from court rooms & prison even after British torture.
6. Similarly, Malala Yousafzai, a Nobel laureate advocated for girls' education in the rigid and conventional Islamist nation shows positive values of courage and
7. Salman Khurshid, a former Union Minister, was charged with financial irregularities in the functioning of an NGO run by his It depicts case of misusing one's power for personal gain which not only cost his resignation from the post but bad name probably forever.
8. In short, the mindset and perspective of a civil servant can greatly affect how they interpret and apply rules and regulations, with positive-minded officers being more likely to find solutions that are beneficial for all parties, while negative-minded officers may be more likely to focus on the limitations of the rules and regulations, and be less able to find solutions that are beneficial for all parties.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) says, a public officer with strong ethical values can help drive socio- economic development, while unethical behavior can hinder it and erode trust in public institutions.

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6.”If A Country Is To Be Corruption Free And Become A Nation Of Beautiful Minds, I Strongly Feel That There Are Three Key Societal Members Who Can Make A Difference. They Are Father, Mother And Teacher.” – A.p.j. Abdul Kalam

Corruption implies using public office for private gain. To put simply when public servant acts in his official capacity that amounts to garnering private benefits then it leads to Corruption. So,

Corruption = Authority + Monopoly - Accountability .

"Corruption is not just a problem of governance; it's a problem of character and values." - Ratan Tata.

Since, corruption involves problem of values and character. fathers, mothers, and teachers play a critical role in shaping the values and behaviour of individuals and in building a corruption-free society. Each of these societal members has a unique influence on the development of individuals and can contribute to the formation of a nation of "beautiful minds."

Role

1. Fathers, as the primary male role models in a child's life, can teach the importance of integrity, responsibility, and They can demonstrate by their own actions the importance of honesty and hard work and the negative consequences of corruption.
1. 1. A father who lacks effective communication skills or who is emotionally distant can make it difficult for his children to form healthy relationships with
2. 2. President Obama has been widely praised for his role as a devoted and involved He emphasised the importance of fatherhood, and has spoken about the impact that his own father has had on his life and development.
3. 3. In his book "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People", Stephen Covey emphasizes the importance of fathers in shaping their children's character and values, esp in the areas of integrity, responsibility, and He argued that fathers can teach these values through their own behavior and by actively engaging with their children, providing them with guidance and support as they navigate the challenges of life.
4. 4. In the Bible, fathers are called to be strong leaders and role models for their children, teaching them the importance of faith, honesty, and
2. Mothers, as primary caretakers, can instil in their children the values of empathy and They can teach the importance of treating others with respect and fairness and the importance of speaking up against injustice and corruption.
1. 1. As per the Indian scriptures, mother is considered the first teacher and the primary source of a child's emotional and moral development.
2. 2. Rig Veda, emphasise the importance of a mother's role in the early years of a child's life, when they are most impressionable and susceptible to The Vedas encourage mothers to be nurturing, patient, and compassionate, and to instil in their children the values of dharma (righteousness), compassion, and respect for elders. Vedas also stress the importance of a mother's role in the education and spiritual development of a child.
3. 3. Kaikesi, Ravana's mother, encouraged Ravana to pursue power and to use his cunning, unethical means and intelligence to gain advantage over his enemies. Kaikesi's influence over Ravana was a major factor in his his eventual This serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of balancing ambition with wisdom, humility, and moral values.
4. 4. The story of Rosa Parks, who refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, is often attributed to the values instilled in her by her mother, who taught her to stand up for what is
3. Teachers, as educators, have a unique opportunity to shape the minds of the next generation. They can teach the importance of ethical conduct and can provide students with the knowledge and skills to recognise and resist
1. 1. Teachers can serve as role models for ethical behaviour and can create a culture of integrity within their classrooms and They can help students develop critical thinking skills, foster empathy and develop among them sense of social responsibility by encouraging them to be active citizens and to participate in their communities.

2. The book "Teaching Ethics in Higher Education: Implementing Best Practices" by Stephanie Martin discusses the importance of ethics education for teachers in higher education, who can then pass on their knowledge to future leaders in various fields.
3. APJ Abdul Kalam, former Indian President, was a renowned teacher and educator who inspired millions of students and young people to pursue their dreams and contribute to the development of their He always motivated students to build strong moral character by teaching them about values such as honesty, responsibility, and respect.
4. Maria Montessori, an Italian physician and educator, is widely recognized as a pioneer in the field of education and is known for her innovative teaching methods and her commitment to child-centered
5. NGO Pratham has developed a program called "Teaching at the Right Level", which aims to improve learning outcomes by tailoring teaching to the individual needs of each By providing students with a strong foundation in the basics, Pratham is helping to equip them with the skills and knowledge needed to make ethical decisions throughout their lives.

Thus, fathers, mothers, and teachers are key societal members who can make a difference in building a corruption-free society. They can instil values of integrity, responsibility, empathy, compassion, and ethical conduct in individuals, and can serve as role models of ethical behaviour. Together, they can contribute to the formation of a nation of "beautiful minds."

Challenges

While families and educators play a crucial role in shaping the values and behavior of individuals and in building a corruption-free society, achieving this goal in current times poses a number of challenges and issues like:

1. Traditional gender roles and societal expectations limit the ability of fathers and mothers to fully participate in the upbringing and education of their
1. 1. For example, in some cultures, mothers may be expected to focus primarily on domestic responsibilities, while fathers expected to focus on their This can limit the ability of both parents to instil values of integrity and ethical conduct in their children.
2. 2. In Japan & India, traditional gender roles often limit the ability of fathers to take paternity leave and participate in the upbringing of their children, which can put a strain on family relationships and limit opportunities for children to develop strong relationships with their
2. Education system, today is not equipped to effectively teach ethics and anti-corruption Teachers also lack training and resources to effectively address these issues.
1. 1. A study by Transparency International found that only 21% of countries have comprehensive measures in place to prevent corruption in education, highlighting the need for more action in this
3. Increase in the use of technology, social media and the internet, have led to the spread of misinformation, fake news, and propaganda, making it more difficult for parents and teachers to instil critical thinking skills, and to teach the importance of ethical conduct and
1. In Myanmar, the spread of hate speech and misinformation through social media was linked to the genocide of Rohingya Muslims in 2017.
2. In his book "The Age of Surveillance Capitalism", Shoshana Zuboff argues that the widespread use of technology and the internet has led to the commodification of personal data, and that this has enabled companies to manipulate people's behaviour and choices through targeted advertising and other means.

Corruption is a complex and pervasive problem that cannot be solved solely by families and educators. It requires a comprehensive approach that includes strong laws and enforcement, effective institutions, and a culture of transparency and accountability.

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7. “Judge Your Success By What You Had To Give Up In Order To Get It.” – Dalai Lama

In the above statement, Dalai Lama encourages individuals to consider the sacrifices and costs that come with achieving success. It suggests that true success should be measured not just by what we have gained, but also by what we have given up in the process.

1. In order to achieve true success, the Dalai Lama suggests that we must be mindful of the sacrifices we make in pursuit of our This might include sacrificing time with loved ones, neglecting our physical or mental health, or compromising our ethical values. It reminds us to consider the sacrifices and costs that come with achieving success. Ex - The Phogat sisters, Gita and Babita, sacrificed their childhood just to fulfill their father’s dream of gold medal in wrestling. They had suffered a lot of pain to make India proud on them. The book "Drive" by Daniel H. Pink suggests that true motivation comes from a sense of autonomy, mastery, and purpose, rather than just external rewards or punishments.
2. It also remind us to strive for a balance between achieving external success and maintaining inner well-being, relationships and ethical APJ Abdul Kalam gave up his personal life and worked tirelessly as a scientist and engineer to contribute to the development of India's aerospace program. Similarly, Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple in his pursuit of innovation and perfection made many sacrifices, including long hours at work, limited time with his family, and a sometimes-abrasive management style, in order to achieve his goals. The Japanese concept of kaizen, or continuous improvement, emphasizes the importance of balancing short-term and long-term goals and striving for incremental progress. Similarly, the Bhagavad Gita emphasizes the importance of balancing action with detachment and maintaining equanimity in all situations.
3. It encourages us to be mindful of the choices and trade-offs we make in pursuit of our goals and to evaluate whether the sacrifices we make are worth it depending on the impact they have on our lives and the lives of those around us. Gandhi, for instance made numerous sacrifices and compromises throughout his life in his pursuit of independence for He spent years in jail, endured multiple hunger strikes, and lived a simple and ascetic lifestyle, all in the name of his cause. The book "The Paradox of Choice" by Barry Schwartz explores how having too many choices can lead to decision paralysis and decreased satisfaction with the choices we ultimately make.

In today's fast-paced and highly competitive world, many people are focused on achieving success at any cost. This can lead to individuals and organizations prioritising short-term gains over long-term sustainability and well-being. True success is not only about achieving material wealth or professional accomplishment, but also about maintaining inner peace, well- being and ethical conduct.

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8. What Do You Understand By The Term ‘good Governance’? How Far Recent Initiatives In Terms Of E-governance Steps Taken By The State Have Helped The Beneficiaries? Discuss With Suitable Examples.

Good Governance is epitomised by predictable, open and enlightened policy-making, a bureaucracy imbued with professional ethos acting in furtherance of the public good, the rule of law, transparent process & strong civil society participating in public affairs.

World Bank

1. While governance is a generic concept denotes a value free dispensation & percolates to all aspects of polity and administration, good governance is an adjective expression, connotes certain value -
2. Good governance is a term used to describe the way in which power is exercised in a It is characterised by several key principles, including transparency, accountability (RTI), participation [73rd & 74th CAA], responsiveness (Citizen charter), equity & inclusiveness (progressive taxation) and rule of law (Article 14 and 32 of the constitution).
3. Aristotle, in his book, Nicomachean Ethics, dealt with 'governance' and state that aim of the state is to develop character & personality among the citizens so to enable them to live with certain telos or An ideal city as per Aristotle is one which is happy and ruled as per law.

Humane Governance = Good Governance + People ownership & participation + No humiliation +

Accountability.

E-Governance

E-Governance is an integration of information and communication technology (ICT) with the traditional governance system to improve the quality and efficiency of public services.

According to World Bank, “E-governance refers to application of Information Technologies to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government.

ICT + Governance = E-Governance

1. E-Governance initiatives aim to make governance more efficient, transparent, and accessible to
2. It is a process of carrying out the functions and achieving the result of governance through use of ICTs.

Steps: Recent e-Governance initiatives have helped in improving the delivery of public services to the beneficiaries by:

1. Transparency and accountability: E-Governance initiatives have helped in making government processes more transparent and accountable, by providing citizens with access to information about government policies and programs, and by making it easier for citizens to report corruption or other abuses of
1. 1. Aadhaar aim to provide secure and sustainable platform for delivering government services and benefits to citizens in a more accountable and transparent
2. 2. RTI has helped to promote transparency and accountability in government by allowing citizens to access information about government decision-making processes and
3. 3. The online platform, Meri Sadak, launched by GoI, has increased transparency and accountability in road construction by allowing citizens to monitor the progress of road projects in real-time.
2. Access to services: E-Governance initiatives have helped in improving access to public services, by making it easier for citizens to access government services and information
1. 1. India's Digital India initiative has helped in providing various services like digital certificates, e-signatures, and PAN card through online platforms.
2. 2. National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) has been implemented in various states to improve access to public services through For instance, "MeeSeva" initiative in Andhra Pradesh provides more than 400 services through online portals and kiosks, including birth and death certificates, land records, and various government permits and licenses.
3. Enhancing citizen participation: E-Governance initiatives have helped in enhancing citizen participation in the governance process, by providing citizens with the means to participate in decision-making and policy formulation. E- petition platforms allow citizens to voice their concerns and suggest policy
1. 1. E-court initiative by SC of India aims at utilising technology for improved provisioning of judicial services to the
4. Improving service delivery: E-Governance initiatives have helped in improving the delivery of public services by reducing the time and effort required to access services and by increasing the efficiency of service
1. 1. CSS (Common Service Centres) offer web-enabled e-governance services in rural areas, including application forms, certificates, and utility payments such as electricity, telephone and water
The concept of 'Participatory democracy' argues that citizens should have direct and active involvement in the governance process, rather than simply being represented by elected National E-Governance Service Delivery Assessment [NESDA] 2019 recommended creating an inclusive digital ecosystem and mandating sector-specific services while 2nd ARC suggested developing a national e-Governance ‘enterprise architecture’ framework.

"SMART Governance" where S implies Simple, M - Moral, A - Accountable, R - Responsive, T - Transparent.

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9. Online Methodology Is Used For Day-to-day Meetings, Institutional Approvals In The Administration And For Teaching And Learning In Education Sector To The Extent Telemedicine In The Health Sector Is Getting Popular With The Approvals Of The Competent Authority. No Doubt, It Has Advantages And Disadvantages For Both The Beneficiaries And The System At Large. Describe And Discuss The Ethical Issues Involved In The Use Of Online Method Particularly To The Vulnerable Section Of The Society.

The use of online methodologies has increased significantly in various sectors, such as administration, education, and healthcare, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, industrial revolution 4.0 and web 3.0.

While online methodologies have many advantages, such as increased convenience, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility, they also raise a number of ethical issues.

1. Digital divide: esp. vulnerable section of the society. The vulnerable section of the society like low-income families, elderly people, and people living in rural areas may not have access to the internet or necessary technology to access online education and healthcare services to name This lead to further marginalisation and exclusion of these groups, exacerbating existing socio-economic disparities.
1. a. As of 2021, the internet penetration rate in India is around 56%, compared to 80% in developed Furthermore, it is much less in rural areas of India with a rate of around 45% compared to 70% in urban areas.
2. b. In India, COVID-19 pandemic exposed the digital divide and the lack of access to online education for many students, especially those from low-income families and rural
3. c. A study by the Azim Premji Foundation found that only 11% of students in rural areas had access to online education during the pandemic.
2. Privacy violations: Use of online platforms can make sensitive personal information, such as health records and financial information, more vulnerable to hacking and other forms of cyber-crime. This can be particularly concerning for vulnerable groups who may not have the resources & legal know-how to protect their personal
1. a. In 2018, several instances of data breaches and unauthorised access to the personal information of Indian citizens stored in the Aadhaar database were reported, raising concerns about the security and privacy of the data.
2. b. In 2020, the personal data of millions of users of the Indian education platform Unacademy was leaked on the dark web.
3. c. In his book "Data and Goliath," security expert Bruce Schneier argues that the collection and use of personal data by corporations and governments creates a power imbalance that undermines individual freedom and
3. Quality of online education and healthcare services: Online education and healthcare may not be able to provide the same level of quality and effectiveness as in-person This can lead to poor outcomes for vulnerable groups who are already at a disadvantage. Additionally, technical difficulties like connectivity issues, slow internet speed can disrupt the flow of the class.
4. A study conducted by UNESCO found that online education may exacerbate existing inequalities in education, especially for low-income families and those in rural
5. Data shows that online education has not been as effective as traditional classroom According to a journal, online courses scored significantly lower on critical thinking & analytical skills compared to students who took the same courses in a traditional classroom setting.
6. The book "The Shallows" by Nicholas Carr argues that online education and information technology can negatively impact cognitive development and critical thinking

4. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and automation in online healthcare, has potential for biased decision-making and loss of human touch in Also, AI algorithms are only as accurate as the data they are trained on, and there is a risk that errors in data input or biases in training data could lead to inaccurate diagnoses.
1. a. An AI-powered app called "Siddha" was launched in 2020 to help diagnose COVID-19, but it was criticised for giving inaccurate results and contributing to a high number of false
2. b. A study by Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that facial analysis software was less accurate in identifying the gender of darker-skinned individuals and individuals with feminine features, which could lead to biased decision-making in healthcare.

It is important to consider these ethical issues and to take steps to mitigate them, such as providing access to technology and internet for all, ensuring privacy and security of personal information, and ensuring the quality of online education and healthcare services for all.

Some of the best practices around the world which has yielded positive result in effectively and efficiently using technology:

1. Finland's Basic Income Experiment: Under it, randomly selected citizens were given a monthly stipend to cover their basic living expenses so to evaluate the impact of basic income on people's lives and their ability to participate in the digital The results showed that basic income had a positive impact on people's well-being and economic security, and could help to reduce the risks posed by digitalization.
2. Estonia's e-Governance Model: Estonia developed innovative e-governance system that allows citizens to access a wide range of public services online, including health services, education services, and tax services. This system improved the efficiency and transparency of government services and has helped to reduce corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies.

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10. Online Methodology Is Used For Day-to-day Meetings, Institutional Approvals In The Administration And For Teaching And Learning In Education Sector To The Extent Telemedicine In The Health Sector Is Getting Popular With The Approvals Of The Competent Authority. No Doubt, It Has Advantages And Disadvantages For Both The Beneficiaries And The System At Large. Describe And Discuss The Ethical Issues Involved In The Use Of Online Method Particularly To The Vulnerable Section Of The Society.

While online methodologies have many advantages, such as increased convenience, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility, they also raise a number of ethical issues.

1. Digital divide: esp. vulnerable section of the society. The vulnerable section of the society like low-income families, elderly people, and people living in rural areas may not have access to the internet or necessary technology to access online education and healthcare services to name This lead to further marginalisation and exclusion of these groups, exacerbating existing socio-economic disparities.
1. a. As of 2021, the internet penetration rate in India is around 56%, compared to 80% in developed Furthermore, it is much less in rural areas of India with a rate of around 45% compared to 70% in urban areas.
2. b. In India, COVID-19 pandemic exposed the digital divide and the lack of access to online education for many students, especially those from low-income families and rural
3. c. A study by the Azim Premji Foundation found that only 11% of students in rural areas had access to online education during the pandemic.
2. Privacy violations: Use of online platforms can make sensitive personal information, such as health records and financial information, more vulnerable to hacking and other forms of cyber-crime. This can be particularly concerning for vulnerable groups who may not have the resources & legal know-how to protect their personal
1. a. In 2018, several instances of data breaches and unauthorised access to the personal information of Indian citizens stored in the Aadhaar database were reported, raising concerns about the security and privacy of the data.
2. b. In 2020, the personal data of millions of users of the Indian education platform Unacademy was leaked on the dark web.
3. c. In his book "Data and Goliath," security expert Bruce Schneier argues that the collection and use of personal data by corporations and governments creates a power imbalance that undermines individual freedom and
3. Quality of online education and healthcare services: Online education and healthcare may not be able to provide the same level of quality and effectiveness as in-person This can lead to poor outcomes for vulnerable groups who are already at a disadvantage. Additionally, technical difficulties like connectivity issues, slow internet speed can disrupt the flow of the class.
4. A study conducted by UNESCO found that online education may exacerbate existing inequalities in education, especially for low-income families and those in rural
5. Data shows that online education has not been as effective as traditional classroom According to a journal, online courses scored significantly lower on critical thinking & analytical skills compared to students who took the same courses in a traditional classroom setting.
6. The book "The Shallows" by Nicholas Carr argues that online education and information technology can negatively impact cognitive development and critical thinking

4. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and automation in online healthcare, has potential for biased decision-making and loss of human touch in Also, AI algorithms are only as accurate as the data they are trained on, and there is a risk that errors in data input or biases in training data could lead to inaccurate diagnoses.
1. a. An AI-powered app called "Siddha" was launched in 2020 to help diagnose COVID-19, but it was criticised for giving inaccurate results and contributing to a high number of false
2. b. A study by Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that facial analysis software was less accurate in identifying the gender of darker-skinned individuals and individuals with feminine features, which could lead to biased decision-making in healthcare.

Some of the best practices around the world which has yielded positive result in effectively and efficiently using technology:

1. Finland's Basic Income Experiment: Under it, randomly selected citizens were given a monthly stipend to cover their basic living expenses so to evaluate the impact of basic income on people's lives and their ability to participate in the digital The results showed that basic income had a positive impact on people's well-being and economic security, and could help to reduce the risks posed by digitalization.
2. Estonia's e-Governance Model: Estonia developed innovative e-governance system that allows citizens to access a wide range of public services online, including health services, education services, and tax services. This system improved the efficiency and transparency of government services and has helped to reduce corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies.

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11. In Contemporary World, Corporate Sector’s Contribution In Generating Wealth And Employment Is Increasing. In Doing So, They Are Bringing In Unprecedented Onslaught On The Climate, Environmental Sustainability And Living Conditions Of Human Beings. In This Background, Do You Find That Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr) Is Efficient And Sufficient Enough To Fulfil The Social Roles And Responsibilities Needed In The Corporate World For Which The Csr Is Mandated? Critically Examine.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept that refers to the voluntary actions taken by corporations to improve the social and environmental well-being of the communities in which they operate. It include charitable donations, environmental sustainability efforts, and community outreach programs.

Tata in 1919 setup Tata Trust. Similarly, Azim Premji Foundation founded by Azim Premji to improve the quality of education and contribute to a just and equitable society. Internationally, Gate Foundation continue to motivate corporate about their obligation towards society & importance of giving back.

1. CSR emphasises on shift in the role of companies from profit generating firms as held by Milton Friedman in his book World is Flat to modern view of social buss as proposed by Nobel laureate of Bangladesh, Mohammad Yunus which focuses not on profit gen but self sustianability.
2. It is seen as a way for corporations to give back to society and to bring about a positive change in the envt and society in which these companies operate.
3. Company gets reputation capital and lots of goodwill through their CSR activities. According to Economic Survey, people are sceptical of companies and CSR can bridge this trust deficit.
4. CSR upholds Gandhiji’s doctrine of Trusteeship: It’s ethical & moral responsibility in which individuals and organisations hold their wealth & resources as trustees for the benefit of society as a According to Gandhi, those who hold wealth and power should not see themselves as its owners but rather as its stewards, responsible for using it in a way that benefits the greater good.
5. The Stakeholder Theory, developed by Edward Freeman, suggests that companies should consider the interests of all stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and the broader community, in their decision-making. This theory emphasizes the importance of CSR in creating value for

Issues

1. Since CSR is not legally required, it is often seen as a voluntary Due to lack of external auditing, companies omits contribution to CSR. In his book "Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization", Andrew Crane argues that CSR is necessary to address societal challenges and that it is the responsibility of companies to operate in a socially responsible manner.
2. Companies lack of expertise in social engineering end up their CSR fund in PM Relief This misses the target of companies connect with society. As per a study, many companies that were giving more than 2% scaled back their spending.
3. As per MCA, most of the funding goes to health & This results in overlapping & concentration of fund and consequent imbalance in different sectors.
4. Regional Inequality in their spending - Companies in the name of CSR invest in and around their business that is already better Ex - BP, an oil and gas company, pledged to invest $100 million in clean energy projects as part of its CSR program. However, some critics argued that BP was simply trying to improve its image in the face of ongoing criticism over its environmental record, and that the company was still heavily invested in fossil fuels.
5. CSR is used by the companies to rotate money leading to black money The book "The Battle for the Soul of Capitalism" by John Bogle argues that companies have lost sight of their social responsibilities in the pursuit of short-term profits.
6. Forced donation - As per a study, when corporate forced to make donation, it results in less Also, morally incorrect as donation should be voluntary. GoI mandated that companies with profits over a certain amount must spend at least 2% of their net profits on CSR activities. However, many companies have been accused of treating CSR spending as a "tax" and not making genuine efforts to benefit society. This has led to criticism and calls for the law to be revised. In the book "The CSR Challenge: Integrating Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Strategy" by David Grayson and Adrian Hodges argues that CSR should be voluntary and based on a company's values and strategic objectives, rather than being forced upon them by regulation.
7. CSR initiatives are often focused on improving the reputation of the company rather than addressing the root causes of social and environmental According to a report by Oxfam, some large companies use CSR initiatives as a way to distract attention from their negative impacts on the environment and society. The report cites examples such as Coca-Cola's water stewardship program, which Oxfam argues is inadequate to address the company's negative impact on water resources in some communities.

Suggestion

1. Injeti Srinivas Committee suggested efficient monitoring and evaluation of CSR and doing away with proviso of imprisonment in case of violation of spending requirement & disclosure It also suggest creation of CSR fund to transfer CSR money.
2. MCA in 2019 came up with National Guidelines on responsible business conduct - a] Buss should conduct & govern themselves with integrity, transparency & accountability and b] It should respect & promote well being of employees & interest of all stakeholders.
3. A study by researchers at University of Notre Dame found that CSR initiatives can help companies to attract and retain employees, especially younger workers who place a high value on social responsibility. The study found that companies with strong CSR programs were more likely to be seen as "employers of choice" by job

Best Practices

1. RJ — Initiated CSR
2. Denmark — Mandate CSR info in companies annual fin

In conclusion, CSR is a step in the right direction but it is not sufficient to address the complex and pressing issues facing society today. While CSR initiatives can help to improve the social and environmental well-being of the communities in which corporations operate, they are not a substitute for government regulations and policies that hold corporations accountable for their actions.

To truly address the issues facing society today, corporations must go beyond CSR and actively work to promote sustainable practices and support policies that promote social and environmental justice.

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12. Whistle-blower, Who Reports Corruption And Illegal Activities, Wrongdoing And Misconduct To The Concerned Authorities, Runs The Risk Of Being Exposed To Grave Danger, Physical Harm And Victimisation By The Vested Interests, Accused Persons And His Team. What Policy Measures Would You Suggest To Strengthen Protection Mechanism To Safeguard The Whistle-blower?

A whistleblower is a person who exposes wrongdoing, corruption, or illegal activities that are being committed within an organization or government. The whistleblower provides information to the public or to those in positions of authority about illegal or unethical practices that are being carried out, with the aim of correcting the situation and preventing harm to others.

As per Whistleblower Protection Act, 2014 of India, a "whistleblower" is defined as a person who makes a disclosure of any information which he considers to be in the public interest

Edward Snowden, a former National Security Agency (NSA) contractor, who leaked classified information in 2013 revealing US govt's surveillance programs. He faced charges under the Espionage Act, and had to flee the country and seek asylum in Russia to avoid arrest. Like Snowden, Whistle-blowers face a variety of risks when they choose to report corruption and illegal activities, wrongdoing, and misconduct to the concerned authorities. These risks can include:

1. Retaliation: Whistle-blowers face retaliation from their employers or colleagues, including being fired, demoted, or This can make it difficult for them to find new employment and can harm their professional

reputation. Ex Nambi Narayan, a former ISRO scientist has been a victim of false allegations and political intrigue. He was wrongly accused and arrested for passing sensitive information related to India's space program. SC in 2018 compensated him for 'unnecessary harassment' and false allegations but the damage has already been done to his career and reputation.

2. Physical harm: In some cases, whistle-blowers may face threats or even physical harm as a result of their They may be targeted by those who are trying to cover up the illegal activities they have reported. More than 80 RTI activist murdered & killed and many abducted ever since act comes into force. Ex Sanjay Dubey in 2019 killed for filing RTI against illegal construction. Similarly, Chirag Patel murdered after RTI in MPLAD scheme and Amit Jethwa, an environmental activist for whose murder former an MP was convicted.

3. Legal action: Whistle-blowers may also face legal action from those they have accused, including defamation lawsuits or criminal Chelsea Manning, former Army intelligence analyst leaked classified information to expose human rights abuses by the US military was convicted under the Espionage Act and served seven years in prison. Similarly, An RTI activist, Anjali Bhardwaj, faced numerous court cases and police complaints for exposing corruption and malpractice in allocation of government contracts.
4. Social isolation: Whistle-blowers may also face social isolation from their friends, family, and community as a result of their actions. Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, who published classified information about US military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan is currently serving a 50-week prison sentence in UK for skipping bail and faces extradition to the US on espionage charges.
5. Emotional distress: The stress of being a whistle-blower can take a toll on a person's mental and emotional health, causing anxiety, depression, and other emotional distress. Sanjiv Chaturvedi, an Indian Forest Service officer who exposed corruption in AIIMS faced harassment and multiple

Policy Measures

1. Anonymity: Whistle-blowers should have the option to report misconduct anonymously in order to protect themselves from For instance, UK Public Interest Disclosure Act provided for security of anonymity of whistleblower to save them from possible harassment.
2. Legal protection: Whistle-blowers should be protected by laws that shield them from retaliation and provide them with legal recourse if they are subject to harassment or Ex - In India, Whistle-blowers Protection Act, 2014 was enacted to provide legal protection to whistleblowers.
3. Support mechanisms: Whistle-blowers should have access to support mechanisms such as counselling, legal advice, and financial assistance to help them cope with the stress and trauma of speaking In the book "Whistleblowers: Incentives, Disincentives, and Protection Strategies" by Frederick A. Elliston and Marc A. Siegall, the authors argue that support mechanisms are crucial for protecting whistle-blowers from the negative consequences of speaking out.
4. Investigation and follow-up: Whistle-blower complaints should be taken seriously and investigated promptly, and appropriate action should be taken against those found to be responsible for misconduct. GoI empowered CBI and CVC to receive complaints and investigate cases of corruption and
5. Employee awareness and training: Organisations should provide regular training to employees to raise awareness about the importance of whistle-blowing and how to report misconduct safely and European Union has developed a training program for employees on the protection of whistleblowers and the reporting of suspected breaches of EU law.
6. Public recognition: Organisations should recognise and appreciate whistle-blowers for their contributions to promoting integrity and accountability in the Ex - US False Claims Act allows whistle-blowers to receive a portion of any funds recovered as a result of their information.

Such measures will allow creating a culture of transparency and accountability that encourages people to speak up when they witness misconduct.

Council of Europe has adopted the Convention on the Protection of Whistleblowers, which provides a legal framework for the protection of whistleblowers and requires signatory countries to provide effective legal protection and remedies to whistleblowers.

Prashant Bhushan, lawyer and activist who has exposed corruption in the Indian judiciary and political system despite facing personal and professional consequences for his activism remained tireless advocate for transparency and accountability in public life.

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13. Write Short Notes On The Following In 30 Words Each:

1. Constitutional morality: Constitutional morality refers to the principles and values that underlie a constitutional system, such as rule of law, democracy, human rights, and It is the morality that guides the interpretation and application of a country's constitution.
1. a. Constitutional morality is essential for proper functioning of a constitutional democracy, as it provides the framework for resolving disputes and maintaining the balance of power between the different branches of John Rawls' theory of justice as fairness emphasizes the importance of upholding constitutional principles to ensure a just society.
2. b. It serves as a check on the actions of government officials and protects the rights of In this context, CJI of India, D.Y. Chandrachud said, "The morality of Constitution is the morality of protection of individual rights and liberties."
3. c. For a public servant, constitutional morality is a final arbitrator of what is wrong & what is right. It is also considered as a fundamental principle for all the citizens as well.
4. d. For instance, Indian constitution upholds principle of secularism as fundamental aspect of constitutional morality. It ask government to maintain a neutral stance towards all religions and must not give preferential treatment to any one In practice, this means that the government cannot establish a state religion or discriminate against any particular religious group.
5. e. The principle of judicial review is another feature of constitutional morality in the Indian constitution which gives judiciary the power to review laws and government actions to ensure that they are consistent with the constitution and its underlying This helps to protect individual rights and prevent the government from overstepping its bounds.
6. f. BR Ambedkar - "Constitutional morality is not a natural It has to be cultivated. We must realise that our people have yet to learn it. Liberty and democracy become unholy when their hands are dyed red with innocent blood".
2. Conflict of interest: Conflict of interest refers to a situation in which an individual or organization is involved in multiple interests, and serving one interest could harm or compromise the
1. a. 2nd ARC quotes US Senator Fulbright on the problem of govt employees who commit ethical lapses not amounting to criminal It talks about issue of CoI in public administration. ARC & Fulbright define CoI as something that violate spirit of law but don’t violate its letter.
2. b. Conflicts of interest can be real or perceived and can occur in various contexts, including personal, financial, or For ex is a financial analyst who owns stock in a company they are analysing. The analyst may be tempted to give a positive report on the company even if it's not warranted, to increase the value of their own investment. This would be a clear conflict of interest and could harm the investors who rely on the analyst's research.
3. d. c. It may occur due to competing interest & values owing to changing nature of state from colonial police state to welfare state which has led to the new emerging values without discarding the old & contradictory
4. e. Ex conflict exists within society between those who view women wearing jeans as provocative and those who see women as empowered individuals capable of making their own decisions. Similarly, housing societies may establish regulations that permit only families and prohibit single individuals from residing within the These rules may lead to complaints of discrimination from unmarried individuals.
5. f. In 2017, a study found that over 60% of pharmaceutical companies in India had financial ties to doctors and hospitals, leading to concerns about the impartiality of medical treatment.

1. The "self-serving bias" theory suggests that individuals tend to interpret information in a way that confirms their preexisting beliefs and interests.
2. The advancements in technology have introduced new values such as transparency, digitisation, electronic communication, and the user-pay principle, where individuals are willing to pay for This has led to the growth of app-based taxi services, making life easier for citizens, but at the same time, governments must regulate these services to preserve the livelihoods of small-scale taxi operators.
3. CoI is inevitable in one’s A poorly managed perceived CoI has same damaging effect as an actual CoI. Disclosure of the conflict at a 1st instance and informing all stakeholders helps best manage it. Ex

- Justice Ramana recuse himself for being on a panel investigating the case of sexual harassment against CJ cos being close friend.

1. In this regard, 2nd ARC recommended comprehensive public service code as guiding principle for public It can be summed at 3 levels - values & ethical standards, code of ethics and code of conduct.

3. Probity in public life: Probity in public life refers to the adherence to highest standards of integrity and honesty by those who hold public office or are involved in the administration of public It encompasses principles of transparency, accountability, and responsibility, and it is essential for maintaining public trust in government and public institutions.
1. a. It is concerned with propriety and character of various organs of the govt as to whether these uphold procedural uprightness, regardless of individuals manning these In this regard, Commissioner of CVC, N Vittal recommended that corruption-free governance should be made a FR of the citizens.
2. b. It is important cos it brings legitimacy to the system and builds trust b/w state and the It preserve public confidence in governance & political confidence in civil service, along with building institutional integrity. Public Integrity Index by Transparency International measures the ability of public institutions to prevent corruption and promote integrity in the public sector. The index highlights the importance of probity in public life and provides a tool for monitoring progress in this area.
3. c. A government minister who publicly declares their assets and income, and who recuses themselves from any decision-making that may benefit them financially, would be considered to be acting with On the other hand, if government official is found to be engaging in corrupt activities such as accepting bribes, misusing public funds, or giving preferential treatment to certain individuals or companies, this would be considered a violation of probity in public life.
4. d. Probity in public life is crucial for maintaining the integrity of government and public institutions, and for ensuring that public resources are used for the benefit of the It is essential for maintaining public trust in govt and for promoting good governance.
5. e. Gunnar Myrdal in his book ‘The Asian Drama - An Enquiry into Poverty of Nation’ describe India as soft society — The colonial powers that destroyed traditional centres of power failed to create viable alternatives. The general disobedience among the public continued after independence. Such society lack political will to enact tough laws necessary for its progress and doesn’t have political courage to implement laws when they are
6. f. GoI has taken various legislative and institutional measures to ensure Some of them are - Prevention of Corruption Act, RTI Act, Whistle Blowers Act and regulatory bodies like CBI, CVC, Lokpal.
7. g. As per NCRWC [National Commission to Review the working of Constitution] 2002 report on Probity in Governance, "Absence of corruption is an important pre-requisite for ensuring probity on governance".
8. h Manmohan Singh, former PM of India said, “As a society, we must evolve to a level where probity becomes a way of life, where honesty is a routine expectation”.
9. i. Challenges of digitalisation: Digitalization refers to the integration of digital technologies into various aspects of society, including business, healthcare, education, and government. It involves the use of digital tools and systems such as computers, the internet, and mobile devices to improve efficiency, communication, and access to information.

Digitalization has brought about many benefits and efficiencies in various industries, but it also poses a number of challenges.

1. Data privacy and security: With the increasing amount of personal and sensitive information being shared and stored online, there is a higher risk of this information being hacked or This can lead to identity theft, financial fraud and other types of cybercrime. For instance, Political consulting firm, Cambridge Analytica in 2018 obtained and misused the personal data of millions of Facebook users in order to influence political campaigns. Similarly, in 2020, a data breach at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) exposed the personal information of millions of Indian customers.
2. Digital divide: Certain segments of society, such as low-income individuals or those living in rural areas, may not have access to the technology and resources needed to fully participate in the digital This can lead to social and economic disparities, as well as a lack of digital literacy among certain segments of the population. As per data from International Telecommunication Union (ITU), there is a high disparities in internet access between developed and developing countries, with developed countries having a much higher internet penetration rate of around 80% compared to developing countries with a rate of around 50%.
3. Loss of jobs: Automation and AI increasingly being used to perform tasks that were previously done by humans. This can lead to economic insecurity, especially for those whose jobs are at risk of being replaced. According to a report by World Economic Forum, it’s estimated that up to 75 million jobs may be displaced by automation by For example, the automobile industry has seen a significant shift towards automation, with robots and other machines performing tasks that were previously done by human workers. This has led to job losses and displacement for many workers in the industry.
4. Digital addiction: Over-reliance on technology can lead to social isolation, lack of focus, and other mental health In 2018, a young man in Mumbai was found dead after spending nearly 24 hours straight playing an online video game. A study by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India found that around 50% of Indian employees are addicted to their smartphones and the internet.
5. Singapore launched Smart Nation Initiative, which aims to correct use technology to improve the quality of life for its citizens and build a more inclusive and sustainable
6. Devotion to duty: Devotion to duty refers to the dedication and commitment of an individual to fulfilling their responsibilities and obligations in an exemplary It is characterised by a strong sense of responsibility and a willingness to go above and beyond what is expected in order to achieve a goal or fulfil a duty.
1. a. It is a quality of being able to apply one’s time, attention & self entirely to a particular activity, cause or It is the highest form of commitment i.e. commitment with passion & love. Ex - A soldier who puts their life on the line to protect their country, or a teacher who goes the extra mile to ensure their students are successful.
2. b. Devotion is gained by both commitment & perseverance e. steady persistence shown in achieving a particular goal in spite of difficulties & discouragement. Ex Bheesma committed to Kaurava but dedicated to Pandava.
3. c. Devotion to duty is essential for the smooth functioning of any organization or It ensures that tasks and responsibilities are carried out effectively and efficiently, and that the needs of the community are met. It also helps to build trust and respect within an organization, as well as with the public.
4. d. A devoted person remains motivated even if the task given to him is non-exciting & Ex When asked to implement family planning program in a conservative village, the most potent tool in such scenario will be devotion.
5. e. For a devoted person, duty is an end in itself as highlighted by the Kant's categorical imperative and fundamental duty enshrined in the Indian Such person enjoy the journey and work itself motivates them.

A devoted public servant would place public service over & above family and other personal Thus, resist scope for corruption. It is an admirable trait and is highly respected in the society. Ex - Ram is considered as Lord Vishnu cos of his unwavering devotion to dharma (righteousness) and loyalty to his subjects made him a symbol of righteousness and a model for rulers throughout the ages. Ram always put needs and happiness of his people first, even if it require him to split up of relations with family and kinship. Such quality to sacrifice and let go one's personal relations to serve the people is hard to find in today's generation of leaders.

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14. Wisdom Lies In Knowing What To Reckon With And What To Overlook. An Officer Being Engrossed With The Periphery, Ignoring The Core Issues Before Him, Is Not Rare In The Bureaucracy. Do You Agree That Such Preoccupation Of An Administrator Leads To Travesty Of Justice To The Cause Of Effective Service Delivery And Good Governance? Critically Evaluate.

Wisdom is the ability to make good judgement and have common sense in practical matters. It is a combination of knowledge, experience, and insight that allows a person to make informed decisions and act in the best interests of themselves and others.

Yoda from the Star Wars franchise, who is revered for his wisdom says "Do or Don't, there is no try' i.e. rather than making a half-hearted attempt commit completely to one's goals.

1. An administrator who is preoccupied with peripheral issues can impede effective service delivery and good governance cos such administrator is unlikely to effectively address the underlying problems that are causing those issues to arise in the first place, causing ineffective resource utilisation, financial waste and poor service delivery. Such administrator is likely to overlook the broader implications of their actions, which can lead to unintended consequences that may further harm the public they were trying to serve. Ex - Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was launched to address the issue of poor sanitation and hygiene. However, some administrators became preoccupied with surface-level issues such as painting walls and beautifying public spaces, instead of addressing the underlying problems of inadequate waste management systems and lack of access to toilets.
2. In his book "The Fifth Discipline," Peter Senge argues that organizations can become preoccupied with short-term results and fail to address the underlying problems that are causing those
3. If an administrator is focused on addressing the symptoms of a problem rather than its root cause, they may implement policies that provide short-term relief but do not address the underlying This can lead to a cycle of repeatedly addressing the same symptoms rather than making progress towards resolving the core problem.
4. In the book "Thinking, Fast and Slow" by Daniel Kahneman, the author discusses the concept of "focusing illusion", where people focus on the most visible aspects of a problem rather than the underlying causes, leading to ineffective solutions.
5. Boris Johnson, PM of UK faced criticism for his handling of the Brexit negotiations and the COVID-19 pandemic due to poor decision On the other hand, Jacinda Ardern, PM of New Zealand won applauds globally for her effective and smart leadership during Covid-19 pandemic and her strong response to the Christchurch shooting.
6. Similarly, Jyoti Basu, late CM of Bengal known for his efforts to improve the state's economy and for his work to promote socialism and secularism in India.

In order to avoid such travesty of justice and to ensure effective service delivery and good governance, an administrator must take a holistic approach to problem-solving and decision-making.

1. Prioritise transparency and accountability: Administrators and public officials should be held accountable for the results of their work. This can be achieved through regular reporting, public meetings, and other forms of engagement with the public. 2nd ARC in its report, RTI as Master key of Governance define transparency as availability of information to general public and clarity about functioning of governmental institutions.

2. Community Engagement: Administrators and public officials should regularly engage with the community they serve to understand their needs, concerns, and priorities by conducting public meetings, surveys Ex People’s plan campaign of Kerala talks about participative governance.
3. Foster collaboration and partnerships: Collaboration and partnerships can help to leverage resources, share knowledge, and find innovative solutions, hence public officials should work with other government agencies, non- profit organizations, and CSO to improve service delivery and address complex For instance, Akshay Patra aligned with government to serve nutritious food to over 1.8 million children across India every day as part of mid-day meal campaign so to improve school attendance and address malnutrition among children from low-income families. For its work, organisation has been awarded by UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy and the India Leadership Award for Best Social Service Provider. It is an important example of how non-profit organizations can work with the government and private sector to improve the lives of vulnerable communities and address complex social challenges.
4. Promote innovation and efficiency: This include leveraging technology, streamlining processes, and encouraging staff to find new and innovative Ex Nat e-Governance Plan (NGeP) seeks to apply ICT for making ‘Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent (SMART) governance.
5. Build capacity and develop human resources: Invest in the development of staff to ensure that they have the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively serve the Chris Argyris' T-group training imparts sensitivity training among staffs & employees.
6. Ensure fairness and equity: Administrators must ensure that their services are provided fairly and equitably to all members of the community. It involve addressing systemic barriers, promoting diversity and inclusion. The concept of "procedural justice", which emphasizes the importance of fair and transparent decision-making processes in promoting trust and legitimacy, has been widely studied in fields such as law, psychology, and organizational behavior.
7. Data ready: An administrator should be aware of the facts, figures, and consequences of the problem they are trying to solve, so they can make informed decisions cos what which can't be measured, can't be The data- driven approach of Ola has allowed them to optimize routes, reduce wait times for customers, and increase the efficiency of their operations.

Sevottam Model of Quality Public Service Delivery — An administrator can take cue from this model which talks

about strict display of citizen charter in every govt office & its implementation, setting up public grievance redressal system and involves building the capacity of the employees who are involved in public service delivery.

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1. IDENTIFY FIVE ETHICAL TRAITS ON WHICH ONE CAN PLOT THE PERFORMANCE OF A CIVIL SERVANT.
JUSTIFY THEIR INCLUSION IN THE MATRIX.

1. Objectivity: Civil servants should make decisions based on facts, evidence, reason and merit, rather than personal Objective decision-making is rational without any prejudice and bias, thus can be justified.
1. 1. Gandhi - “An error does not become truth by reason of multiplied propagation, nor does truth become error because nobody sees it”.
2. 2. Bhagavad Gita in Chapter 2, verse 47 of says, “You have a right to perform your prescribed duty, but not entitled to the fruits of Never consider yourself to be the cause of the results of your activities, nor be attached to inaction.”
3. 3. 2nd ARC recommended that civil servants should be trained to make decisions based on facts and evidence, rather than personal biases.
4. 4. In the book "Thinking, Fast and Slow", Nobel economist Daniel Kahneman argues that people often make decisions based on biases and heuristics, and that objective decision-making requires conscious effort and critical
5. 5. Indian Const emphasizes the importance of making decisions based on objective facts and Article 14 states that every citizen is entitled to equal protection under law, and decisions should be made without any discrimination based on religion, caste, gender, or any other factors.
6. 6. The Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine was caused by a combination of technical and human errors, including decisions made by officials who prioritized production targets over safety concerns. It highlights dangers of decision-making based on personal biases.

2. Integrity: Integrity refers to a commitment to upholding ethical standards and adhering to the principles of fairness, impartiality, and It include financial, professional and intellectual integrity.
1. 1. 2nd ARC says, a civil servant with integrity is key attribute for civil servant to make fair and unbiased decisions that are in the best interest of the It allows a civil servant to command respect from others through their fair and just actions.
2. 2. DeChristopher, an environmentalist and civil servant was sentenced to prison for his activism against the Bush Administration's auction of oil and gas However, he remained stand up for what he believes in and for his integrity in the face of adversity.
3. 3. UNDP identified integrity as a key factor in promoting good governance and sustainable
4. 4. Henry Cloud's book "Integrity: The Courage to Meet the Demands of Reality" examines the importance of integrity in both personal and professional contexts. In book, he argues that integrity is essential for building strong relationship, establishing trust, and achieving success. He said integrity involves not only honesty and transparency, but also a willingness to take responsibility for one's actions and make amends when mistakes are made.
5. 5. The teachings of Buddhism & Jainism taught the importance of acting with integrity and following the principles of right speech, right action, and right

3. Empathy: Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of This allows them to better understand problems and find solutions.
1. 1. Empathy is a Theory of Mind, which is the ability to understand other people thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from one's This theory has been extensively studied in the field of developmental psychology and has been found to be important in building social skills and relationships.
1. According to Daniel Goleman's Theory of Emotional Intelligence, empathy is one of key components of He suggests that individuals who are high in emotional intelligence are more effective at navigating social situations and building relationships.
2. Case Study: In India, group of police officers in Bengaluru launched initiative to promote empathy and reduce police The officers received training in empathy and were encouraged to build stronger relationships with members of the community. As a result, complaints against the police decreased and trust in the police increased.
3. In a book titled "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, the author said, "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of ..until you climb into his skin and walk around in it."
4. Mary Kom, celebrated athlete in her role as a MP showcased empathy & compassion towards marginalised by advocating for the rights of women and children and raise awareness about the challenges facing marginalised communities in India.
5. Civil servants with empathy are more likely to connect with the public and understand the needs and concerns of the community they serve. This can help them to make more informed and effective

4. Responsiveness: Responsiveness refers to the ability of a civil servant to be responsive to the needs and concerns of the This means being available, approachable, and willing to listen to feedback and make changes as needed. A responsive civil servant fulfils the needs of the public in efficient and effective manner.
1. 1. Pachauri, former head of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) was known for his responsiveness and commitment to addressing the challenges of climate change and He played a key role in advancing the global conversation on these issues.
2. 2. Right to Information Act 2005 promotes transparency and accountability in government institutions, and encourages responsiveness to the It ensures that public officials respond to queries in a timely and effective manner.
3. 3. Bhagavad Gita teaches that leaders must be responsive to the needs and concerns of their followers, and must act in the best interest of the community.
4. 4. IAS code of conduct requires officials to be responsive in public service. The code calls civil servants to be courteous, prompt, and responsive to the needs of the
5. 5. The Buddhist concept of "upaya" refers to the skillful means by which a leader can adapt to changing circumstances and respond to the needs of their followers.
6. 6. The book "The Lean Startup" by Eric Ries argues that businesses must be responsive to customer feedback in order to succeed in a rapidly changing

5. Transparency: Transparency refers to the practice of being open and honest about decision-making processes, actions, and information. Civil servants who are transparent in their actions and decisions are more accountable to the public, which help building trust and confidence among the public towards public
1. 1. Bhagavad Gita in Chapter 16 states, "One who acts under the guidance of false ego, who is impelled by lust and attachment, and who is bewildered by delusion, such a person does not attain perfection, nor happiness, nor the supreme destination."
2. 2. Sun Tzu in "The Art of War" states, "All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near."
3. 3. Nelson Mandela who fought against apartheid in S. Africa demonstrated quality of transparency in his leadership and was widely regarded as a symbol of reconciliation and
4. 4.Sanna Marin, PM of Finland was globally known to lead the country towards gender equality and climate action by leading with transparency and

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2. IMPACT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AS A RELIABLE SOURCE OF INPUT FOR RATIONAL DECISION MAKING IS A DEBATABLE ISSUE. CRITICALLY EVALUATE WITH SUITABLE EXAMPLE.

Digital technology refers to the use of digital devices, computers, and the internet to access, process, and store information. It involves the use of computerised algorithms and mathematical models to perform various tasks that were once done manually.

For instance, real-time data collection of COVID-19 patients has helped governments keep track of the number of infections, fatalities, and growth of patients, enabling them to implement effective measures to protect citizens.

Reliable, fair, and accurate data is crucial for making rational Digital technology has revolutionised the way information is collected, processed, and analysed, making it a valuable tool for decision making.
1. 1. Big data analytics tools used by different surveys like census and NFHS has allowed them to collect, process and analyze large data sets from multiple sources to inform decision-making.
2. 2. SDGs heavily rely on data to track progress and measure Without reliable data, it would be impossible to monitor and evaluate progress towards achieving these goals.
3. 3. Amazon's recommendation algorithm is built on data collected from customer purchases & browsing history, allowing them to provide personalised recommendation that lead to increased sales, thus, gaining a competitive
4. 4. The concept of "garbage in, garbage out" is widely used in the field of computer science to emphasize the importance of accurate input data for generating accurate This applies to decision making as well - if the data used for decision making is inaccurate or incomplete, the resulting decisions are likely to be flawed.
5. 5. GoIs National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) aims to promote the sharing of data among various government agencies and This is intended to improve decision making and increase efficiency.
2. Digital data has ability to collect data in real-time and divided for various purposes, giving a comprehensive understanding of an issue.
1. 1. Ayushman Bharat, a healthcare scheme leverages real-time data to track patient registration, appointment scheduling, treatment history, and payment
2. 2. Jan Dhan Yojana uses real-time data to track the number of bank accounts opened, deposit balances, and overdraft facilities availed by beneficiaries.
3. 3. In The book "Dataclysm" by Christian Rudder explores how digital data can provide insights into human behavior and The book examines data from online dating sites and social media platforms to gain a deeper understanding of how people interact with each other.
4. 4. GoIs Digital India initiative aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. This includes the collection and analysis of digital data to improve government services and decision-making.
3. Simplification of Data: Interactive dashboards as part of digital tech are used to present the results of surveys and census in an easily digestible These dashboards allow users to explore the data in detail, and to drill down into specific areas of interest.
1. 1. As per report by World Economic Forum, use of interactive data visualisation tools such as dashboards can help policymakers and citizens to better understand complex issues and make informed
2. 2. The book "Data Visualisation: A Handbook for Data Driven Design" by Andy Kirk provides a comprehensive guide to creating effective data visualisations, including interactive dashboards.
4. Decision Support Systems (DSS): It combine various information sources and analytics tools to support decision making.

1. Agricultural Management Information System (AMIS) is a DSS enabled system that support decision- making related to agriculture, including crop production, resource allocation, and market
2. The use of Decision Support Systems in the airline industry has been successful in optimising flight schedules and improving customer satisfaction.
3. Walmart implemented a DSS that helped them improve inventory management and reduce
4. Predictive Analytics Tool: It use historical data and machine learning algorithms to make predictions about future trends and outcomes to inform decision
1. 1. National Health Management Information System monitor the delivery of healthcare services and improve the quality of patient care by using predictive analytics to predict spread of diseases, identify patients at
2. 2. Mayo Clinic uses predictive analytics to identify patients who are at risk of developing complications after By identifying these patients early, the clinic intervene and provide preventive care to reduce risk of complications.

However, there are concerns about the reliability of the data provided by digital technology such as:

1. Micro-Targeting: The data from social media platforms is used to inform political campaign strategy. While this data can provide valuable insights into voter sentiment and demographics, it can also be manipulated or skewed by bots and fake accounts.
1. 1. According to a Chomsky report media houses are funded to influence public opinion and manufacture The pattern is confirmed in other reports like Muller report (social media influence other nation’s election) and the Cobra Post (social media monetised by political parties).
2. 2. The use of micro-targeting exacerbate existing social divisions by reinforcing stereotypes & polarisation, says Cathu O'Neil in his book, "Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy".
3. 3. GoI proposed new regulations to require social media platforms to disclose the origin of political ads, as well as create a registry of political advertisers.
2. Eco Chamber: The concept refers to amplification of belief by constantly exposing to the information consistent with Thus, the general public doesn’t know what is happening & it doesn’t even know that it doesn’t know.
1. 1. In this regard, Google Ethicist said “You control menu, You control choice, You control
2. 2. Confirmation Bias Theory: People tend to seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs, and to ignore or dismiss information that contradicts This can create echo chambers where people are only exposed to information that confirms their biases.
3. 3. Spiritual bypassing: People may use spiritual practices or beliefs as a way of avoiding or denying difficult emotions or societal issues, which can lead to the formation of echo chambers where only certain types of information are accepted as valid.
4. 4. The anti-vaccine movement has been accused of using social media echo chambers to spread misinformation and discourage people from getting
5. 5. Political analysts blamed social media echo chambers for the surprise victory of Donald Trump, arguing that supporters of Trump were able to create an online bubble of like-minded individuals that reinforced their beliefs and helped them win the election.
3. Biased Assessment: Algorithms used in Digital Tech risk bias in the data which can lead to unfair targeting of certain groups of They are designed and trained on existing data, which can include historical biases and discrimination.
1. 1. According to the theory of algorithmic bias, algorithmic systems are inherently biased because they are designed by humans who hold certain biases and This bias is then reflected in the data sets and algorithms that are used to create these systems, which can perpetuate and amplify existing inequalities.

1. As per a report by Reuters, Amazon in 2018 scrapped a recruiting tool it had been developing after it was discovered that system was biased against women. The tool used machine learning to identify top candidates, but it had been trained on resumes submitted to the company over a 10-year period, which were mostly from men. As a result, the system downgraded resumes that included words such as "women" or "female."

4. Digital Divide: The unequal distribution of access to technology lead to disparities in access to information, opportunities & other areas of life. Due to DD, online data collection not truly represent the entire
1. 1. In the novel "Ready Player One" by Ernest Cline, the main character lives in a world where most people have access to a virtual reality system called the OASIS, but some cannot afford it and are left behind socially and
2. 2. EU: Digital literacy is an important skill in the modern However, some people lack this skill due to a lack of access to technology or training.
3. 3. The western philosopher Martin Heidegger argued that technology can shape the way we think about the world and our place in it. Unequal access to technology can therefore shape people's understanding of the world in different ways.
4. 4. Unbanked individuals will be excluded if economic policies rely solely on digital
5. Infodemnic: Digital tech created overabundance of info, mostly false that spread rapidly through the internet, social media, and other channels.
1. 1. The "Filter Bubble" theory suggests that the algorithms used by social media and search engines to personalize content for individual users can lead to the creation of "filter bubbles" that limit users' exposure to diverse viewpoints and information.
2. 2. Info shared on social media platforms such as Facebook and WhatsApp is mostly false, leading to irrational decision-making. Ex - Facebook has been accused of contributing to the spread of hate speech and misinformation that fuelled the persecution of Rohingya Muslims in
3. 3. During a public health crisis, such as a pandemic, an infodemic can hinder efforts to effectively communicate critical information and respond to the crisis.
6.Lacks values and emotions: Rational decision-making requires empathy and emotional understanding of a person's situation, which cannot be achieved through digital technology alone which relies on set of 1s and
1. 1.In the book "Emotional Intelligence" by Daniel Goleman, the author argues that emotional intelligence is more important than IQ in predicting success in life and
2. 2.The use of algorithms and automation in criminal justice system criticised for lacking empathy and understanding of individual circumstances. For example, algorithms used to predict recidivism (reoffence) have been shown to be biased against certain racial

In conclusion, while digital technology can be a valuable tool for rational decision making, it is important to critically evaluate the reliability and potential biases of the data and algorithms used. It is also essential to ensure that the use of digital technology does not perpetuate or exacerbate existing societal inequalities and biases.

To ensure fair and rational decision making using digital technology, it is important to implement data quality control, data protection, human oversight, stakeholders involvement and regular audit and evaluations.

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3. “EVERY WORK HAS GOT TO PASS THROUGH HUNDREDS OF DIFFICULTIES BEFORE SUCCEEDING. THOSE THAT PERSEVERE WILL SEE THE LIGHT, SOONER OR LATER.”- SWAMI VIVEKANAND

This quote by Swami Vivekanand emphasises importance of perseverance and determination in achieving success. It suggests that any endeavour will encounter numerous obstacles and challenges along the way, but those who are able to persist and stay committed will ultimately see their efforts come to fruition. It implies that success not come easily, but with hard work and determination, one will eventually reach their goals.

1. It emphasise on being persistent in one’s endeavour without giving in for temptation & It is practising fortitude [courage] and remains true to yourself at the face of adversity.
1. 1. Sreedharan, aka 'Metro Man' of India, is known for his perseverance and determination in leading and executing challenging infrastructure projects like Konkan Railway and Delhi Metro.
2. 2. Vivekananda, being born in the poor family himself faced numerous challenges but went on to become greatest spiritual leaders due to his unwavering perseverance to spread message of spirituality across India and abroad.

1. Research has shown that individuals with high levels of grit are more likely to succeed in various domains of life, including education and career.

2. Success is a challenging pursuit when we set high The greater the task, the higher the likelihood of failure. Failure can be painful and often knocks down our confidence. It leads to criticism, which can be heart-breaking & demotivating. Hence, it is important to persevere and work tirelessly towards our goals.
1. Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur faced numerous difficulties in their pursuit of creating a successful airplane like funding issues, lack of support from the scientific community, and numerous failed attempts. However, they persisted in their efforts and eventually succeeded in creating the first powered and controlled flight in 1903. Their perseverance ultimately led to the development of modern aviation.
2. Steve Jobs, the co-founder of the Apple was fired from the company in 1985 and had to start a new company, NeXT which failed to take off. He returned to Apple in 1996 and with his perseverance, he was able to turn the company around with the launch of the iMac and iPhone.
3. Buddha showcased extreme perseverance and unwavering determination, despite facing numerous obstacles and temptation to seek the truth and attain The Buddhist concept of dukkha emphasizes the idea that suffering and dissatisfaction are inherent in human existence. This can be seen as a reminder that the path to success is not always easy or smooth, and that challenges are to be expected.
3. Developing integrity is a gradual process that involves the formation of strong moral values over time and the ability to resist the temptation to engage in dishonest behavior, whether it be in academics, such as school exams and projects, or in personal life.
1. 1. Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development suggests that individuals develop their moral reasoning skills in stages over time, from a focus on avoiding punishment to a focus on upholding universal ethical
2. 2. An ant that falls multiple times before reaching its destination, we must be prepared to fail and learn from our mistakes, but never give up until we have achieved our As Swami Vivekananda said, "Arise, awake, and stop not until the goal is reached."
3. 3. The concept of "ikigai" in Japanese culture emphasizes the importance of finding one's purpose in life and working towards it with passion and

Bhagavad Gita teaches the value of unwavering commitment to one's duty, and importance of persevering in the face of difficulty. It is believed that by persevering in one's endeavors, one can attain a higher state of consciousness and ultimate enlightenment.

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4. ATTITUDE IS IMPORTANT COMPONENT THAT GOES AS INPUT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN BEING. HOW TO BUILD A SUITABLE ATTITUDE NEEDED FOR A PUBLIC SERVANT?

Attitude is a person’s predisposition or likelihood to react with certain degree of favourableness or unfavourableness w.r.t an attitude object. It is aggregate of person’s evaluation about target-object. This target-obj can be a person, animal, situation or any abstract concept.

Ways to build attitude for a public servant:

For public servants, it is crucial to have a rational, ethical, optimistic, empathetic, positive, and service-focused attitude. To cultivate such an attitude, public servants can consider the following steps:

1. Empathy: Public servants should be able to understand and relate to the needs and concerns of the public they They should be able to put themselves in the shoes of the people they serve and understand their perspectives.
1. 1. According to concept of servant leadership, this leadership style emphasizes putting the needs of others first and serving them with empathy and Public servants who adopt this approach can develop a deeper understanding of the needs and concerns of the public they serve.
2. 2. Feedback from the public can provide valuable insights into their needs and Public servants should be open to feedback and use it to improve their services and better understand the public they serve.
3. 3. Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance and social justice was rooted in empathy and compassion for Public servants who follow his example can develop a deep understanding of the needs and concerns of the public they serve.
2. Integrity: Public servants should be honest, ethical, and transparent in their actions and decision-making. They should be dedicated to serving the public's best interests rather than personal Adhering to strong ethical principles, lead a straightforward lifestyle, and maintain high moral values.
1. 1. In his book "The Republic", Plato argues that the highest form of leadership is one that is dedicated to the public good, rather than personal He believes that a ruler must be virtuous, wise, and courageous, and that they must put the interests of the community ahead of their own interests.
2. 2. The character of Yudhishthira in Mahabharata is cited as an example of an ideal public servant who always acted in accordance with dharma.
3. Cultivating Empathy and Compassion: Public servants should engage closely with people to develop empathy and emotional intelligence through They should have a strong desire to serve and improve the community they work in. They should be willing to go above and beyond to help citizens and make a positive impact.
1. 1. In the book "Leaders Eat Last" by Simon Sinek, the author argues that leaders who prioritize the needs of their team and are willing to make personal sacrifices for them will ultimately be more successful and
2. 2. The concept of "Seva" in Sikhism emphasizes the importance of selfless service and doing good for others, regardless of their background or status.
3. 3. The concept of "Ubuntu" in African philosophy talks about inter-connectedness of all people and the importance of community service and support.
4. Responsiveness: Public servants should be responsive to the needs and concerns of the public, and they should be able to provide timely and effective
1. 1. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by UNGA, aims to "leave no one behind" and calls for inclusive, effective, responsive and accountable
2. 2. The "Mizoram Model" of governance put stress on transparency, accountability and citizen participation, with initiatives such as the "Zoram Thar" (New Mizoram) program promoting a bottom-up approach to
5. Professionalism: Public servants should be professional in their conduct and should be able to maintain a high standard of performance and ethical behavior by maintaining impartiality and objective to get rid of personal
1. 1. Max Weber's bureaucracy model is based on merit, expertise, and professional In this system, public servants are expected to maintain impartiality and objectivity in their work, and to perform their duties to the best of their abilities, regardless of personal biases or interests.

1. World Values Survey examines the values and beliefs of individuals in different The survey has found that individuals who value fairness, equality, and honesty are more likely to support impartiality and objectivity in public service.

6. Continuous learning: Public servants should be open to learning new skills and knowledge to improve their service to the They should be willing to adapt and change to meet the needs of their community. Regular training enhance rational thinking and expand knowledge in the field.
1. 1. Indian Public Service Report talks about importance of training and development programs for public servants to improve their skills and knowledge, and to enhance the effectiveness of public service
2. 2. Singapore Civil Service is known for its focus on training and development to improve the skills and knowledge of its public servants, and to enhance their effectiveness in serving the This has helped to make the Singapore Civil Service one of the most efficient and effective in the world.
7. Cultural sensitivity: Public servants should be sensitive to the cultural diversity of the community they serve and should be able to work effectively with people from different
1. 1. Gandhi said, "If you want to do good to the world, you must first of all create harmony within And you create harmony within yourself when you have faith and love."
2. 2. Cultural intelligence theory: It states that individuals can develop their cultural intelligence or the ability to adapt to different cultural contexts.
8. Teamwork: Public servants should be able to work effectively in a team environment, as they often need to collaborate with other government agencies and community organizations to provide the best service to the public.
1. 1. According to Tuckman's theory, a team goes through four stages of development: forming, storming, norming, and The forming stage involves getting to know one another, while the storming stage involves conflicts & disagreement. The norming stage is when the team begins to work together more effectively, and the performing stage is when the team is working at its highest level.
2. 2. During the Apollo 13 mission, NASA team had to work together to solve a critical problem in space [explosion in one of the oxygen tanks caused a loss of power, heat and water]. Despite facing numerous challenges, the team worked together effectively to bring the astronauts home
9. Being Inspirational: Emulate the ideals of great leaders and serve as an example for others to Life examples from great leaders like Gandhi, Sarda Patel, Nehru etc can help in building positive attitude.
1. 1. According to Trait Theory of Leadership, certain qualities, such as honesty, integrity, and courage, are essential for effective leadership. Mahatma Gandhi was known for embodying these traits, which made him a great leader.
2. 2. Bhagavad Gita teaches that true leadership is about selflessness, humility, and serving others. Lord Krishna, the main protagonist in the text, embodies these qualities and is considered a great
10. Effective Problem Solving: Utilise creativity and proactive approach to resolve the issues of
1. 1. "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People" by Stephen Covey: "Begin with the end in mind" suggests that individuals should approach problem-solving with a clear understanding of their goals and desired
2. 2. Kerala has implemented a proactive approach to healthcare, including a focus on preventative measures and community involvement.

A human being at large is defined by his/her attitude towards life. A public servant, who has the responsibility of the governance of the nation need to develop positive attitude in order to serve the country to the best of his/her ability. Zig Ziglar once said, It is the attitude, but not the aptitude, which determines one’s altitude.

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5. “REFUGEES SHOULD NOT BE TURNED BACK TO THE COUNTRY WHERE THEY WOULD FACE PERSECUTION OR HUMAN RIGHT VIOLATION”. EXAMINE THE STATEMENT WITH REFERENCE TO ETHICAL DIMENSION BEING VIOLATED BY THE NATION CLAIMING TO BE DEMOCRATIC WITH OPEN SOCIETY.

The principle of non-refoulement is a fundamental principle of international law that prohibits the forced return of individuals to a country where they would face persecution, torture, or other serious human rights violations. It is considered a cornerstone of the international legal framework for the protection of refugees and is recognized in various international and regional human rights instruments, including the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol.

1. The protection of refugees is a moral and legal obligation. All individuals have the right to life and freedom and the chance to fulfil their potential. Refusing to offer protection to refugees violates these fundamental human
1. 1. Protecting refugees is not just a legal obligation, but also a moral As human beings, we have a responsibility to help those in need, especially those who are fleeing persecution, war, and violence. As the Dalai Lama has said, "The suffering of one human being should matter to us all."
2. 2. A study by the World Bank found that hosting refugees can have positive economic impacts, such as creating jobs and boosting local economies.
2. It goes against the principle of equality, as it is discrimination against certain individuals based on their nationality, ethnicity or religion.
1. 1. History has shown us the consequences of failing to protect refugees — Jewish refugees who were turned away by many countries during World War II faced persecution, torture, and death in Nazi concentration
2. 2. Rohingya Muslims who fled Myanmar to Bangladesh faced the risk of persecution and violence if they were returned to Myanmar. But India deported Rohingya refugees to Myanmar, despite concerns about their safety and
3. It is a violation of the principle of human dignity, as it disregards the inherent value and worth of the individual and denies them the right to safety and
1. 1. Refusing protection to individuals who are in need violates Kant's principle of the Categorical Imperative — It include respect for human dignity as fundamental moral principle, and that all individuals should be treated as ends in themselves rather than means to an
2. 2. Countries have been accused of using migrants as a tool in their foreign policy, as seen in the 2021 Belarus- European Union border crisis. This amounts to treating people as mere objects and not as ends in
3. 3. Such actions do not align with Gandhi's Talisman, which involves considering the welfare of the most vulnerable in all actions.
4. Many refugees endure hardship without any fault of their They become victims of violence only for their place of birth or membership in a persecuted community (e.g. Ahmadiyas, Rohningya). Refusing them the chance to flee from violence & persecution goes against all ethical principles.
1. 1. Syrian conflict resulted in the displacement of millions of people, many of whom have sought refuge in neighbouring Non-refoulment has been a critical component of protecting the rights and safety of Syrian refugees, and violating this principle could lead to further harm and instability in the region.
2. 2. In Biblical story of 'Parable of the Good Samaritan', a Samaritan helps stranger who has been beaten and left for dead by the side of The story emphasizes the importance of showing compassion and helping those in need, regardless of their background or circumstances.
5. A nation that claims to be democratic with an open society is also undermining its own democratic principles and values by showing cold shoulder to refugees, as it is failing to protect the rights and safety of vulnerable individuals who are seeking refuge within its borders.

1. LGBTQ+ individuals may face persecution and violence in their home countries due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.
2. Martha Nussbaum written extensively on the importance of compassion and empathy in building a just society, and argues that treatment of refugees is a litmus test for a society's commitment to moral values and democratic principles.

Regrettably, it is evident that many countries are not upholding their ethical obligations, often discriminating against certain refugees while offering protection to others based on race, religion, or nationality. This type of discrimination is unjust and goes against the categorical imperative, reflecting a decrease in values such as kindness, empathy, and compassion in society. It is the responsibility of all civilised democratic nations to assist refugees and address the humanitarian crisis.

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6. AN INDEPENDENT AND EMPOWERED SOCIAL AUDIT MECHANISM IS AN ABSOLUTE MUST IN EVERY SPHERE OF PUBLIC SERVICE, INCLUDING JUDICIARY, TO ENSURE PERFORMANCE, ACCOUNTABILITY AND ETHICAL CONDUCT. ELABORATE.

A social audit is a systematic examination of an organisation's social and ethical performance, conducted by an independent third-party organization. It examine and evaluate program with the direct involvement of the community.

It aim to assess the impact of an organisation's operations on various stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and the community, and to identify areas for improvement in the organisation's social and ethical
1. 1. The concept of social auditing has its roots in the Buddhist principle of 'Right Livelihood,' which advocates for ethical and socially responsible business practices.
2. 2. Indian Companies Act 2013, mandates that companies with a net worth of 500 crore or more, or a turnover of Rs. 1000 crore or more, or a net profit of Rs. 5 crore or more, must conduct a social audit.
3. 3. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India has recommended that social audits be conducted in sectors such as mining, agriculture, and construction, where there is a high risk of human rights
2. It serves as a powerful tool in promoting social change, community engagement, and government accountability. Social audit helps to prevent wrongdoing in government by obtaining information and educating people on their rights and benefits.
1. 1. John Stuart Mill argued that transparency and accountability are necessary for the proper functioning of a democracy, and that citizens have a right to demand information from their
2. 2. Government of TN used social audit to monitor the implementation of Mid-Day Meal Scheme, which provides free meals to school The social audit process involved the participation of parents and community members in monitoring the quality of the meals provided, which led to improvements in the program.
3. The decentralisation of governance is achieved through social audit, as it provides the public with an opportunity to ask questions, voice their needs and concerns, and become more involved in the implementation of
1. 1. Centre for Policy Research in India has conducted research on the effectiveness of social audit in improving governance and found that it can help to promote transparency, accountability, and citizen participation in decision-making.

An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an important tool for ensuring performance, accountability, and ethical conduct in the sphere of public service, including the judiciary.

a. By being independent, a social audit mechanism would ensure that the assessment is impartial and free from any political or other influences.
b. By being empowered, the mechanism would have the necessary authority to access information, conduct investigations and carry out audits, and make recommendations for
c. Social audit mechanism has been found to be more effective in improving ethical conduct in the government compared to internal auditing mechanisms as the audit officers may face pressure or temptation that may cause them to overlook errors within their The broad spectrum of participation in social audits also places more pressure on public officials to act with integrity.
d. This process promotes transparency and accountability in government

Social Audit Mechanism in Judiciary

According to a report by World Justice Project, the effectiveness of the judiciary is a key factor in the rule of law, which in turn is critical for economic and social development.

1. An independent social audit mechanism in the judiciary would assess the performance of the judiciary in terms of its ability to deliver justice, its responsiveness to citizens' needs, and its compliance with ethical
1. 1. Indian judiciary criticized for a lack of transparency and A social audit mechanism can help address these issues and ensure that the judiciary is serving the needs of the people. It can help identify areas for improvement in the functioning of the judiciary, such as reducing delays in the justice delivery system.
2. 2. The need for an independent social audit mechanism in the judiciary has been recognised by several legal scholars and experts, including former CJI, S. Verma.
2. It would also assess the judiciary's compliance with legal and constitutional requirements, and its ability to uphold the rule of Ex - Mahabharata emphasizes the importance of justice and upholding the rule of law, and highlights the role of social audits in ensuring accountability and transparency.
3. It would increase transparency and This would help to build trust between citizens and the judiciary, and would encourage citizens to use the judicial system. The mechanism would also help to identify and address any issues or problems that may be hindering the performance of the judiciary, such as delays or corruption. In his book "The Future of Power", Joseph Nye argues that transparency is a critical component of building trust and legitimacy in institutions, including the judiciary.
4. It help to ensure that the judiciary is adhering to ethical standards, by monitoring the conduct of judges and ensuring that they are acting in an unbiased and impartial

An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including the judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability, and ethical conduct. It helps to increase transparency and accountability, build trust between citizens and the judiciary, identify and address problems and issues, and ensure that the judiciary is adhering to ethical standards.

However, implementing such a mechanism can present several challenges and issues.

Challenges of SAM

1. Independence: If the mechanism is not truly independent and subject to political & other influences, it compromise its ability to provide accurate and unbiased
2. Impartiality: Concerns may arise over the impartiality of the mechanism if it is not representative of the diverse population it is meant to serve.
3. Data & Stats: Another challenge is obtaining the necessary information and data for the social This can be difficult if the judiciary is not willing to cooperate or if there are limitations on access to information. Additionally, there may be issues with the quality and accuracy of the data available.
4. Empowerment of SAM: It lacks necessary authority to access information, conduct investigations and carry out audits. This limits its ability to perform its function effectively.

5. Follow-up of recommendations: Lack of follow-up mechanisms in place to ensure that recommendations are implemented and that progress is tracked.
6. Cultural and societal factors: It includes citizens lack of awareness of social audit mechanism and resistance to the mechanism if it is perceived as a form of outside interference or as a threat to traditional Tata Group implemented social audits for its companies to ensure compliance with labor laws and to assess the impact of its operations on local communities.

Amitabh Behar, in his book "The Social Audit Consumer Handbook", recommends several steps for conducting a social audit:

a. Defining the scope and objectives of the audit
b. Identifying the stakeholders and their concerns
c. Collecting data and information through surveys, interviews, and other methods
d. Analyzing the data to identify gaps and areas for improvement
e. Developing a report with recommendations for action
f. Sharing the report with stakeholders and the wider public
g. Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of

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7. IDENTIFY TEN ESSENTIAL VALUES THAT ARE NEEDED TO BE AN EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SERVANT. DESCRIBE THE /WAYS AND MEANS TO PREVENT NON-ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE PUBIC SERVANTS.

Ten Values

1. Integrity: This value is essential for a public servant as it is the foundation of trust in the public service. A public servant with integrity is honest, transparent and consistent in their actions and decisions.
1. 1. The research study "Integrity in Public Service" by Santhosh Mathew (2015) examines the role of integrity in public service and provides recommendations for improving integrity For instance, he recommends public servants to speak up when they witness unethical behavior, establishment of independent oversight mechanism, creating partnership with CSO and other stakeholders.

1. The book "The Leadership Challenge" by James Kouzes and Barry Posner stresses upon the importance of integrity as a foundational value for effective
2. India's former President, APJ Abdul Kalam, was known for his dedication to public service and his commitment to using his expertise in science and technology to benefit the It is his integrity to the cause of expanding S&T to the simplify and alleviate the lives of common man that earned him the title of 'People's President'.
3. Professionalism: A public servant should have a high level of expertise, knowledge and skills in their field, and should be dedicated to providing the best possible service to the
1. 1. Satya Nadella, CEO of Microsoft, is often cited as an example of a highly professional and skilled leader who has brought innovation and success to the

3. Responsiveness: A public servant should be responsive to the needs and concerns of the public, and should be willing to take appropriate action to address those
1. 1. Delhi govt's Mohalla Clinics initiative rest on providing accessible healthcare to all citizens. The initiative was developed in response to the needs and concerns of the people, and has been widely praised for its

The initiative has been developed as model for other states to reflect and replicate cos of its responsive governance.

1. UN's SDG 16 calls for "responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making" for building strong institutions and as means for achieving other targets and
2. The life of Jesus Christ was only about serving others and being responsive to the needs of the This includes serving those who are most vulnerable and marginalised in society.
3. Fairness: A public servant should be fair and impartial in their decision-making and should not show bias towards any particular group or individual.
1. 1. In philosophical texts such as Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and John Rawls' Theory of Justice, the principle and roots of justice lies in the concept of fairness and
2. 2. IAS officer Durga Shakti Nagpal was hailed as a symbol of fairness and impartiality for taking action against illegal sand mining in Uttar Pradesh, despite facing political pressure to turn a blind eye to the

5. Efficiency: A public servant should work in an efficient manner, using resources effectively to achieve the best possible
1. 1. Public choice theory argues that public servants should strive for efficiency to ensure that resources are allocated optimally and to minimize waste.
2. 2. In his book "The Effective Public Manager", Steven Cohen emphasizes on the importance of efficiency in public service and how it can be achieved through strategic planning and effective resource
3. 3. In context of importance of efficiency, Bhagavad Gita in Chapter 3 quotes "one who is in knowledge of the Absolute Truth, O mighty-armed, does not engage himself in the senses and sense gratification, knowing well the differences between work in devotion and work for fruitive results". Similarly, Quran says, "Allah with those who are patient and those who are efficient."
4. 4. The Indian Railway system's implementation of e-ticketing has greatly improved efficiency and reduced corruption in ticket sales.
6. Transparency: A public servant should be open and transparent in their actions and decision-making, and should be willing to provide information to the public upon
1. 1. Jeaon-Jacques Rousseau on transparency in government in his work "The Social Contract" says, "It is impossible for the people to exercise their sovereignty unless they are "
2. 2. Buddhist principle of Right Speech emphasizes the importance of truthful and transparent communication in all aspects of life, including public service.
3. 3. The book "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu emphasised on the importance of knowing oneself and one's opponent, and recommended transparency and openness to do
7. Respect: A public servant should show respect for all members of the public, regardless of their background or circumstances.
1. 1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Article 1 - "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights", and Article 2 - "Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status".
2. 2. US's Code of Ethics for Public Officers and Employees reads, Public office is a public trust giving people right to secure and sustain that trust against To assure this right - (a) Public officers and employees, whether elected or appointed, shall exhibit loyalty to the Constitution and laws of the nation and the state.
3. 3. GoIs "Accessible India Campaign" to create a barrier-free environment for people with disabilities was based on respect for people with disabilities and their right to access public
8. Confidentiality: A public servant should be able to maintain confidentiality when necessary, and should not disclose sensitive information without proper authorisation.

1. The Indian Constitution guarantees the right to privacy under Article 21, which includes the right to One of the Judges in KS Puttuswamy case remarked that "Privacy...eminently qualifies as an inalienable natural right, intimately connected to two values whose protection is a matter of universal moral agreement: the innate dignity and autonomy of man".
2. Indian Evidence Act, 1872 includes provisions protecting confidential communications between lawyers and clients, and doctors and patients [Hippocratic Oath].
3. National Law University of Delhi, in a study on whistleblowing, found that anonymity and confidentiality are crucial to protecting whistleblowers from retaliation.

9. Accountability: A public servant should be accountable for their actions and decisions, and should be willing to accept responsibility for the consequences of their actions.
1. 1. According to the Social Contract theory, individuals give up some of their rights and freedoms to the government in exchange for protection and In turn, the government is accountable to the people and must act in their best interests.
2. 2. SC in Bhajan Lal case held that the public servants are accountable for their actions, and they must be able to justify their decisions and actions.
3. 3. UN Global Compact is a voluntary initiative that requires companies to be transparent and accountable for their actions.
10. Innovation: A public servant should be open to new ideas and ways of doing things, and should be willing to take risks to improve the delivery of public services.
1. 1. The Theory of Disruptive Innovation highlights the importance of taking risks and being open to new ideas in order to drive innovation in organizations.
2. 2. SC in the case of Municipal Corporation of Delhi vs. State of Haryana stated that "innovation and adaptation is the key to modernization and progress".
3. 3. Apple is the living and best example that highlights the importance of innovation in driving business success, and the company's willingness to take risks and experiment with new

Checking non-ethical behaviour

1. Acknowledge the efforts of public servants who exhibit ethical conduct. Evaluate individual's performance not only based on the end results, but also the methods employed to achieve
1. 1. Ex, a police officer must face consequences for engaging in illegal acts like false encounters, even if it leads to a decrease in crime.
2. 2. SC in landmark case of Vineet Narain ruled that recognising and rewarding ethical conduct in public servants as a way to promote transparency and accountability in
2. Conduct annual ethical evaluations by an impartial body, and consider the results in the official's performance
1. 1. In India, Central Vigilance Commission [CVC] has recommended that organizations should conduct annual ethical evaluations as part of their vigilance
2. 2. The book "Ethics and Integrity in Public Administration" by Alan Lawton and Gary Shilson-Josling says, regular ethical evaluations as a means of preventing corruption and promoting ethical behavior in public administration.
3. Impose stringent consequences for those who breach ethical standards and streamline the process for disciplining and removing corrupt or unethical officers.
4. Enhance the efficiency of the grievance resolution system with the active participation of the
5. Strong code of conduct should be established and strictly This code should outline what is expected of public servants in terms of ethical behavior and should include penalties for non-compliance.
6. Robust mechanism of oversight and accountability to detect and investigate any potential ethical violations. This include internal audit and investigation units, as well as external oversight bodies such as ombudsman or anti- corruption
7. Regular training and awareness programs should be provided to public servants to ensure they understand their ethical responsibilities and the consequences of non-compliance.
8. Work culture: Creating a culture of transparency, integrity and accountability within the public service is crucial. This can be achieved by promoting and rewarding ethical behavior, and by holding public servants who violate ethical standards accountable for their actions.
9. Better personnel management: Selection of candidates with high ethical competence and awakened conscience, promotions based on performance and Periodic training.

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8. BESIDES DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE, A PUBLIC OFFICIAL NEEDS INNOVATIVENESS AND CREATIVITY OF A HIGH ORDER AS WELL, WHILE RESOLVING ETHICAL DILEMMAS. DISCUSS WITH SUITABLE EXAMPLE.

The quality of innovativeness and creativity is the ability to produce inventive and original ideas and capacity to think out of the box to come up with new and unique solutions to problems. It involves the combination of imagination, originality, and problem-solving skills.

Ex - A civil servant is tasked with handling a variety of individuals and situations. Thus, finding the appropriate solution for each issue requires a civil servant to employ creativity and innovation to provide the most efficient and effective resolution.

These qualities are essential qualities for a public official, especially to resolving ethical dilemmas. It allow public officials to think outside of the box, to consider alternative approaches, and to find new and innovative solutions to complex problems.

1. A public official faced with ethical dilemma of providing essential services to a community in a under-developed area apply traditional approach by building physical infrastructure like hospital & school. However, an innovative and creative public official can consider using technology to provide virtual education & telemedicine services to the community which is not only more cost-effective, but also more accessible to the community and would not require the community to relocate.
2. Similarly, a police officer solving a criminal case must employ innovative methods to gather evidence and solve the Conventional methods, such as interrogating suspects and using third degree techniques, are illegal and often result in failed cases under legal scrutiny. Instead, a creative and innovative police officer may utilise techniques such as analysing CCTV footage, phone records, or location data to identify the criminals. They may also set traps to catch the criminal in the act and build a strong, foolproof case.
3. In his book "The Element", Ken Robinson argues that creativity is essential for personal fulfillment and success, and that everyone has the capacity for creative
4. The Pixar Animation Studios, known for their innovative and creative storytelling in films like Toy Story and Up, have a culture that encourages experimentation and risk-taking, and celebrates failure as a necessary part of the creative The co-founder of Pixar in his book "Creativity, Inc." explains how a lack of creativity and willingness to take risks almost led to the failure of the company.
5. In her poems, Meera Bai demonstrates a creative and innovative approach to spirituality, expressing her devotion to Krishna through unique and unconventional For ex, she used music and dance as a means of expressing her devotion, breaking with traditional norms and creating a new form of devotional expression.
6. Thomas Edison, who is credited with developing the first practical electric light bulb, was known for his creative approach to problem-solving and his willingness to experiment with new ideas.
7. The musician Bob Dylan is known for his innovative and creative approach to songwriting, incorporating a range of musical genres and literary influences in his work.
8. SC judgement in the case of Union Carbide Corporation highlighted the consequences of a lack of creativity in developing safe and ethical practices in the chemical

Many committees report like ARC, Commission on the Future of Public Service, New Public Management recommend public officials to create culture of risk taking & experimentation to devise new creative ways to deal with complex tasks. These reports also suggests to embrace new technologies & digital transformation to foster a culture of innovation and creativity in their organizations, which can lead to improved services, better outcomes, and greater satisfaction among stakeholders.

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9. “WE CAN NEVER OBTAIN PEACE IN THE OUTER WORLD UNTIL AND UNLESS WE OBTAIN PEACE WITHIN OURSELVES.” – DALAI LAMA

Guru Granth Sahib, holy scripture of Sikh, stresses that true peace can only be found within oneself and is not dependent on external circumstances. The inner peace is a prerequisite for achieving peace in the external world.

The essence of it lies in the famous Gandhian quote "Be the change you want to see in the world" which encourages individuals to take personal responsibility for creating positive change in the world, rather than simply waiting for others to do so.

1. The individuals must first find inner peace and harmony within themselves before they can work towards creating peace in their communities and the world at large cos when people are satiated within they move to top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
2. The world being an interconnected system, actions of one person can have a ripple effect on the entire Hence, individuals play a significant role in creating a peaceful society. People who are at peace within themselves are more likely to act in a peaceful manner towards others and to work towards creating a peaceful environment. They are less likely to engage in violent or aggressive behavior and more likely to engage in peaceful resolution of conflicts.
3. Sufi emphasise on search of inner peace by focusing on surrendering one's ego and striving for union with the This idea is echoed by every form of religion unanimously.
4. Inner peace and atrocities are inversely proportional to each That is, higher the inner peace lower the crime rate like terrorism, murder, rapes, buglary, theft, domestic violence, corruption etc.
5. Lack of inner peace impact one's morality and perspective on societal For example, an individual who lacks inner peace may be more prone to apathy and a lack of concern for important social issues such as gender equality and sanitation.
6. In the book "The Power of Now" by Eckhart Tolle, the author argues that the key to inner peace is to live in the present moment and not allow one's mind to dwell on past regrets or future

However, it is important to note that while inner peace is important, it is not the only factor in creating a peaceful society.

1. Socio-economic, political, and cultural factors also play a significant role in creating a peaceful environment. This explains many individuals with strong inner peace holding problematic beliefs and attitudes.
2. Achieving peace in the outer world requires addressing systemic issues such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination.
3. A collective effort from the society, government and institutions is needed to create a peaceful

For example, in book "1984", Orwell portrays a dystopian society in which state exerts complete control over the lives of its citizens, destroying their sense of self and their capacity for independent thought and emotion.

The pursuit of happiness is a universal goal for all humans. We often look for happiness outside of ourselves when we are unhappy, leading to conflict and disappointment when the world does not meet our expectations. In contrast, when we are happy, we tend to spread joy to those around us, creating a harmonious world.

True happiness originates from within, and we are not dependent on external factors to fulfil our desires. Therefore, it is crucial to understand ourselves and find joy within. When we are content and fulfilled, our desires are satisfied, and we exude peace and calm. As a result, we do not need anything from others and instead spread peace in the world.

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10. “LIFE DOESN’T MAKE ANY SENSE WITHOUT INTERDEPENDENCE. WE NEED EACH OTHER, AND THE SOONER WE LEARN THAT, IT IS BETTER FOR US ALL.” -ERIK ERIKSON

The statement highlights the importance of interdependence in our lives. Inter-dependence refers to the mutual dependence of two or more things or entities. When we recognise our interdependence and work together, it leads to a more prosperous and happier world.

1. The desire for freedom is a universal human We feel frustrated when our personal choices are limited by our obligations to others. Yet, we expect others to fulfil their obligations to us.
1. 1. The concept of inter-dependence is reflected in the famous Hindu philosophy of Advaita Vedanta, which holds that the individual self and the ultimate reality are one and the
2. 2. In the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, it is said that "As rivers flow into the ocean and become one with it, so the individual self merges into the ultimate reality, which is all-pervading and inter-connected." Similarly, Taittiriya Upanishad states that "All this is indeed From Brahman, the universe has sprung. In Brahman, it resides. Into Brahman, it merges."
2. In the modern world, people divided their roles and functions, becoming specialised but interdependent. For instance, division of labor allows us to focus on one particular skill, such as teaching or coding, and earn a living to meet our other To function effectively, it's essential that each person performs their duties and meets their responsibilities.
1. 1. In Theory of Comparative Advantage developed by economist David Ricardo, suggests that countries should specialize in producing goods and services that they can produce more efficiently than other countries, and trade with other countries for goods and services that they cannot produce as efficiently. This principle of interdependence helps to create a more efficient global
2. 2. Mahabharata illustrates the principle of interdependence through the story of Arjuna and his brothers, who each had specific skills and responsibilities that were essential to their success in They worked together and relied on each other's strengths to achieve their goals.
3. 3. The human body is an example of interdependence between different organs and systems. Each organ has a specific function that is essential for the overall health and well-being of the
3. It suggests that we cannot survive or thrive as individuals alone, and that we rely on others to meet our needs and to achieve our It is a fundamental aspect of human existence, as we rely on others for food, shelter, safety, and companionship. As well as goods and services and support in times of need.
1. 1. Quran and Hadith emphasise the importance of community, cooperation, and mutual support in all aspects of The Quran states that "the believers are but brothers", and the Prophet Muhammad have said that "the hand of Allah is with the community." These ideas are emphasised by Islamic institution of zakat (charity), sadaqah (voluntary charity), and khums (a tax on wealth), which are intended to promote social welfare.

1. UNFCCC recognises interdependence between countries and their actions to address climate The convention emphasizes the need for global cooperation and action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change.
2. "The Four Agreements" by Don Miguel Ruiz quotes, "We need a reason to That reason is to share our love and to dream together."

Societies are built on interdependence, as individuals and groups rely on each other to meet their needs and to achieve common goals. Interdependence allows for cooperation, collaboration, and the exchange of ideas, which leads to the growth of society. This relationship is manifested in following examples:

1. Human Relationship: Relationships with family, friends, and community members provide us with emotional support, companionship, and a sense of They also provide us with opportunities to learn from others, to share knowledge and resources, and to collaborate on projects and activities.
1. 1. Gandhi believed in the principle of Sarvodaya, which suggests that progress and development should benefit all members of society, not just the privileged
2. 2. Theory of Social Exchange suggests that relationships are based on the exchange of resources, such as love, support, and The more valuable the resources exchanged, the stronger the relationship.
3. 3. In "The Prophet" Kahlil Gibran quotes, "And in the sweetness of friendship let there be laughter, and sharing of For in the dew of little things the heart finds its morning and is refreshed."
4. 4. The story of Three Little Pigs: It illustrates the interdependence of individuals and the importance of working together for mutual The pigs are only able to withstand the wolf's attacks when they join forces and build a strong house together.
2. Ecosystem: The plants, animals, and microorganisms in an ecosystem are inter-dependent on each other for They have symbiotic relationship with each other. For ex, plants provide oxygen and food for animals, and animals help to pollinate plants.
1. 1. SC in its judgement on Ganga pollution case, emphasized the importance of interdependence between the environment and human The court noted that the Ganga river is a life-giving source for millions of people and must be protected and conserved.
2. 2. The theory of 'tragedy of the commons' highlights the interdependence between individuals and their shared resources, such as land, water, and It argues that without proper management and cooperation, the overuse and degradation of these resources can have negative consequences for everyone.
3. Supply chains: Businesses are inter-dependent on each other for the supply of goods and services. Manufacturers rely on suppliers for raw materials, and retailers rely on manufacturers for finished
1. 1. SC in Bomi Mehta case observed that "business of supply of pharmaceutical products is one of interdependence, cooperation and mutual "
2. 2. Rana Plaza factory collapse in Bangladesh, which killed over 1,100 workers, highlighted the need for better supply chain management practices in the fashion This tragedy led to the creation of the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh, a legally binding agreement between international brands and trade unions to improve factory safety in the country.
3. 3. Australian bushfires in 2020 disrupted supply chains for various industries, such as agriculture and tourism. This event highlighted the need for businesses to develop resilience and adaptability to environmental
4. Globalisation: The world's economies are inter-dependent on each other for trade, investment, and financial Therefore, a recession in one country impact economies in other countries.
1. 1. A study conducted by IMF found that financial spillovers between countries have increased significantly in the past two decades, highlighting interdependence of global
2. 2. In his book "Great Convergence," Richard Baldwin writes about interconnectedness of global economies and the need for policies to manage this interdependence.

1. World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report 2021 highlighted interconnectedness of global risks, stating that "our interdependence is not just a reality, it is also a source of "

5. Infrastructure: Transportation, communication, and energy, are inter-dependent on each other to function For example, an efficient transportation system depends on good roads, public transport, and airports.
1. 1. McKinsey report, "Infrastructure Productivity: How to Save $1 Trillion a Year," emphasizes the need for interdependent infrastructure systems that work together seamlessly to maximize productivity and efficiency.
2. 2. GoIs flagship programme of developing 'Smart Cities' rest on the interdependence of infrastructure components such as transportation, communication, and energy to create a sustainable and efficient urban
6. Democracy: System of institutional checks and balances, distribution of powers between judiciary, executive and legislature, or through federalism are necessary to sustain
1. 1. Montesquieu's theory of separation of powers, argues for dividing the powers of government between different branches to prevent tyranny, has been influential in shaping modern democratic
2. 2. The recent events in Myanmar, where military overthrew democratically elected government and consolidated power, serve as a reminder of the importance of checks and balances in maintaining
3. 3. The failure of checks and balances was evident in Nazi Germany, where the executive branch consolidated power and eliminated opposition, resulting in the genocide of millions of
7. Scientific developments: Dependence on shoulders of intellectual giants like Newton and Madhava, epistemology through
1. 1. Bhagvada Gita says, "It is better to perform one's own duty imperfectly than to master the duty of "
2. 2. The Butterfly Effect: It suggests that small changes in one part of a system can have large effects in another part of the It illustrates the interdependence and complexity of natural systems.

Lack of inter-dependence in society can result into grave consequences like isolation & depression; unhealthy competition & inequality; fragmentation; and environmental degradation. Hence, recognising and valuing interdependence can lead to stronger relationships, more cooperation and collaboration, and a more harmonious society.

Ram Sukh Das Ji Maharaja, renowned spiritual leader from Ramananda Sampradaya said, "Swatantrata mei hai partantrata aur pratantrata mei hai swatantrata" i.e. "Independence is interdependence and interdependence is independence". The saying highlights the idea that true freedom and independence cannot exist in isolation, but rather depends on the inter-connectedness. He in these words emphasised on complete surrender to one's spiritual guru [Prapatti or Sharanagati]. His idea resembles Spinoza's concept of freedom and bondage.

Thus, statement "Life doesn’t make any sense without interdependence. We need each other, and the sooner we learn that, it is better for us all" is true. In this context, Dalai Lama said, "We are all interconnected, in a complex web of relationships that encompasses all life on Earth."

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11. IN CASE OF CRISIS OF CONSCIENCE DOES EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE HELP TO OVERCOME THE SAME WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE ETHICAL OR MORAL STAND THAT YOU ARE LIKELY TO FOLLOW? CRITICALLY EXAMINE.

"Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and manage our own emotions, and the emotions of others, in a way that promotes harmonious relationships and positive outcomes." - Bhagavad Gita.

A crisis of conscience can arise when an individual is faced with a situation where they are asked to engage in behavior that goes against their established ethical standards, such as coerced corruption or receiving an order from a senior that is unethical.

During a crisis of conscience, a person feels guilty and remorseful for having acted in a manner they believe is morally wrong. This often results in a desire to make amends in order to clear one's conscience. In such situation, emotional intelligence enables individuals to make ethical decisions rationally and effectively overcome their crisis of conscience.

1. Recognise and acknowledge emotions: EI allows individuals to understand and identify the emotions they are experiencing, which can help them to make sense of their feelings and In this context,
1. 1. Buddha said "The mind is everything; what you think, you "
2. 2. "I know that I am intelligent, because I know that I know nothing" – Socrates.
3. 3. Tony Hsieh, former CEO of Zappos, believed that creating a happy workforce was essential to the success of the company, and that emotional intelligence was a key tool in achieving this He was praised for employee well-being, and organising company-wide events to foster community and connection among employees.

2. Reflect on values and beliefs: EI allows individuals to reflect on their own values and beliefs, and to consider how these align with their actions and Ex EI can help to balance the objective principles of law with the subjective experiences of emotions, leading to a form of compassionate justice.
1. 1. SC Judge in an interview stated that the quality of a decision is directly proportionate to the quality of the information available, and to the emotional intelligence of the decision
2. 2. Bhagavad Gita in Chapter 6 stated that "A person who has control over his mind and senses is peaceful and steady, even in the midst of crisis".
3. 3. A study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology found that people who scored high on emotional intelligence measures were more likely to make ethical decisions in hypothetical
3. Communicate effectively: EI allows individuals to communicate effectively with others, which can be important in a crisis of conscience when seeking guidance or support.
1. 1. SC while issuing Vishaka Guidelines to stop sexual harassment in 1997 advised employer to be emotionally intelligent by providing safe working environment that fosters respect and dignity for all employees and create an enabling platform where women can communicate their feelings and raise their voices without any
2. 2. In 2018, CEO of Starbucks, Kevin Johnson, was faced with a crisis of conscience when two black men were arrested at one of the company's Johnson responded with EI by meeting with the men and publicly apologising for incident. He also closed all its stores for a day to provide training programs for employees to address issues of bias and discrimination. The training focused on emotional intelligence and how to handle difficult situations with empathy and understanding.
4. Empathise with others: EI allows individuals to understand and appreciate the perspectives and emotions of others, which can be important in a crisis of conscience when considering the impact of one's actions on
1. 1. Mother Teresa was known for her compassion and ability to connect with those in need by understanding and responding to the emotional needs of the
2. 2. In his book "The Art of Possibility," Rosamund Stone Zander writes, "When we look through the lens of possibility, we see the potential for connection, collaboration, and a shared sense of purpose, even in the midst of " Emotional intelligence can help individuals to see beyond their own perspectives and work towards a shared sense of purpose that takes into account the perspectives and emotions of others.
5. Developing Internal strength: EI enable individual to act with integrity and withstand adverse
1. 1. In one of the scenes of S. Dhoni: The Untold Story, Dhoni received the news that he has been selected to play for the Indian cricket team but he continued to play until he wins a point and then he celebrated.
2. 2. A study by University of Cambridge found that individuals with higher levels of emotional intelligence are more likely to resist peer pressure and make ethical decisions.

6. When emotions are high, rational thinking often Only those with high emotional intelligence are able to manage their emotions and find ways to correct the moral error. Ex - admitting to lies told to loved ones and seeking forgiveness, or taking steps to ensure justice for those wronged.

However, emotional intelligence alone is not enough to overcome a crisis of conscience without compromising one's ethical or moral stand cos EI is a cognitive ability and it does not guarantee that individuals will make ethical or moral decisions.

It's important to consider other factors such as personal values, morals, and principles, as well as the ethical codes of conduct of the profession or organization.

Hence, Patanjali Yogsutra emphasised on mastery of the mind as the highest form of mindfulness as it enables individual self-aware of one's thought and emotions.

In "How Leaders Can Balance Logic and Emotion to Make Better Decisions," Jennifer Jordan argues that leaders need to be able to balance both logic and emotion in their decision-making processes. She suggests that leaders can use their emotional intelligence to identify and manage their emotions, as well as the emotions of their team members, in order to make more effective decisions.

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12. SHOULD IMPARTIAL & BEING NON-PARTISAN BE CONSIDERED AS INDISPENSABLE QUALITIES TO MAKE A SUCCESSFUL CIVIL SERVANT? DISCUSS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.

Impartiality is principle of justice that holds decisions should be based on objective criteria rather than on basis of bias and prejudice i.e., remain neutral and unbiased in decision-making. Being non-partisan implies civil servant not showing allegiance to any particular political party or group.

Impartiality and being non-partisan are important qualities for civil servants, as they are expected to serve the interests of the public and the government, rather than any particular political or personal agenda. A successful civil servant must have these qualities to make decisions that are in the best interest of the public, rather than being swayed by political or personal biases.

1. Civil servants must be able to work with officials and politicians from different parties, maintain professionalism and impartiality in their Ex - An impartial public servant treats all individuals equally, regardless of their background, and refrains from showing partiality, along with maintaining political neutrality and avoid allowing themselves to be used by politicians for personal gain. For example, during times of crime or communal conflict, politicians may attempt to favor certain communities. But, a good public servant must act objectively and follow the law, which can help restore people's faith in the government and maintain peace in society.
2. It does not mean that civil servants can't have personal beliefs & opinions but it implies that they should be able to separate their personal beliefs from their professional responsibilities and make decisions based on the best interest of the public and the For example, a civil servant working in a government department responsible for awarding contracts should not show preference to a particular company because of personal or political affiliations. Similarly, a civil servant working in a government department responsible for providing services to citizens should not discriminate against certain groups of citizens based on their personal or political beliefs.

T.N. Seshan, 10th Chief Election Commissioner credited with electoral reforms to make the election process impartial, transparent and fair. He took strict action against individuals and political parties who violated electoral laws. Seshan's reputation for impartiality and non-partisanship helped to restore public confidence in the electoral system and to ensure the integrity of the democratic process in India.

Sardar Patel championed the cause of neutrality as he civil servants to be independent and provide honest opinions and advice, regardless of the views of their political superiors. By advocating for right of civil servants to freely express their opinions, Patel helped to establish a culture of transparency, integrity, and accountability in the Indian civil service.

Lee Kuan Yew, 1st PM of Singapore was regarded as the father of modern Singapore for his impartial & non-partisan approach to govern. He took firm stand against discrimination and prejudice and despite being of Chinese descent, he made it clear that his priority was to promote the well-being of all citizens of Singapore, regardless of their ethnicity or background.

Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, and mandates the state to not discriminate against any citizen on these grounds. By adhering to the principles of Article 15, civil servants can ensure that their actions and decisions serve the greater public interest and contribute to the growth and development of the country as a whole.

Sage Kashyapa, one of the seven rishis [Saptarishi] said, "Dharma is wounded when honest people fail in their duty to speak up". He emphasised on the idea that when individuals fail to fulfil their ethical and moral duties, the natural order of the universe is disrupted.

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13. “INTEGRITY IS A VALUE THAT EMPOWERS THE HUMAN BEING.” JUSTIFY WITH SUITABLE ILLUSTRATION.

Integrity refers to the quality of being upright, honest and possessing strong moral values. A person of integrity holds steadfast to their ethical principles, even when they are not under public scrutiny. They have inner coherence and are aligned with their surroundings, they behave consistently and make choices that benefit themselves and others.

It is a value that empowers the human being because it is the foundation of trust, respect, and It refers to the adherence to moral and ethical principles and the honesty and consistency in one's actions and words.
1. 1. When Yudhishthira, lied about the death of Ashwathama, to win a battle violated his integrity who is known for his honesty and His act led to the consequences, including Yudhishthira's guilt and a curse placed upon him and his brothers.
2. 2. Indian Constitution mandates that public officials should uphold constitution and the law without fear or
3. 3. SC of India has emphasized the importance of integrity in public life in various cases, including the Vineet Narain case, in which it issued guidelines to ensure the integrity of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
4. 4. Nuremberg trials: The court rejected the argument of following "superior order" and discharge of merely duty to justify war crimes and ordered stringent punishment to German officials for their acts of crimes against The case highlight the importance of personal integrity in upholding ethical values.
2. It build and maintain trust and respect in personal & professional relationships, thus empowers individuals by providing them with a sense of purpose, direction, and
1. 1. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was widely respected among peers & public for his integrity integrate the princely states of India and maintained unity & integrity of
2. 2. Visvesvaraya, famous Indian engineer and Diwan of Mysore used to carry two candles, one for his official and one for his personal work, reflects his strong commitment to integrity and ethical conduct.
3. It helps individuals to act in accordance with their moral and ethical principles, even in difficult or challenging By staying true to their values and beliefs, individuals with integrity are able to make decisions that align with their personal and professional goals.
1. 1. Article 51A (e) of Indian Constitution lays down a fundamental duty for every citizen to promote integrity and devotion to duty.
2. 2. Upanishads teach that one's actions have consequences and that one must act with integrity and ethical values in order to achieve spiritual growth.

4. People with integrity are dependable, and they command trust and confidence from those around them. For instance, when a person of integrity makes a decision, it is trusted by their superiors, subordinates and the public, leading to their success in carrying out the On the other hand, decisions made by someone lacking integrity are often met with scepticism and lack widespread support. For example,
1. 1. John Snow, a central protagonist in 'Game of Throne' series acted in integrity when he refused to betray the Night watch and stayed committed to serve the realm as the 998th Lord Commander of the Night's Watch and later as King in the North.
2. 2. Mir Jafar, military leader of Bengal king Siraj-ud Daula betrayed him in the Battle of For this, he is seen as a symbol of treachery and betrayal in Indian history.

Therefore, integrity enhances the power of individuals through the trust and support of others. Rabindranath Tagore, on importance of integrity on individual's life, once said, "The greatest gift you can give to others is integrity and the greatest gift you can receive from others is their trust."

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